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ElasticSearch必知必会-进阶篇

ElasticSearch必知必会-进阶篇

作者: 京东云开发者 | 来源:发表于2023-01-16 10:00 被阅读0次

    京东物流：康睿 姚再毅 李振 刘斌 王北永

    说明：以下全部均基于 ElasticSearch 8.1 版本

    一.跨集群检索 - ccr

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/modules-cross-cluster-search.html

    跨集群检索的背景和意义

    image

    跨集群检索定义

    image

    跨集群检索环境搭建

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/modules-cross-cluster-search.html

    步骤1：搭建两个本地单节点集群，本地练习可取消安全配置

    步骤2：每个集群都执行以下命令

    PUT _cluster/settings { "persistent": { "cluster": { "remote": { "cluster_one": { "seeds": [ "172.21.0.14:9301" ] },"cluster_two": { "seeds": [ "172.21.0.14:9302" ] } } } } }

    步骤3：验证集群之间是否互通

    方案1：Kibana 可视化查看：stack Management -> Remote Clusters -> status 应该是 connected！ 且必须打上绿色的对号。

    方案2：GET _remote/info

    跨集群查询演练

    # 步骤1 在集群 1 中添加数据如下
PUT test01/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":1}}
{"title":"this is from cluster01..."}

# 步骤2 在集群 2 中添加数据如下：
PUT test01/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":1}}
{"title":"this is from cluster02..."}

# 步骤 3：执行跨集群检索如下: 语法：POST 集群名称1:索引名称,集群名称2:索引名称/_search
POST cluster_one:test01,cluster_two:test01/_search
{
  "took" : 7,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "num_reduce_phases" : 3,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 2,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "_clusters" : {
    "total" : 2,
    "successful" : 2,
    "skipped" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 2,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 1.0,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "cluster_two:test01",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "this is from cluster02..."
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "cluster_one:test01",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 1.0,
        "_source" : {
          "title" : "this is from cluster01..."
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

    二.跨集群复制 - ccs - 该功能需付费

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/xpack-ccr.html

    如何保障集群的高可用

    1. 副本机制
    2. 快照和恢复
    3. 跨集群复制（类似mysql 主从同步）

    跨集群复制概述

    image

    跨集群复制配置

    1. 准备两个集群，网络互通
    2. 开启 license 使用，可试用30天
    • 开启位置：Stack Management -> License mangement.

    3.定义好谁是Leads集群，谁是follower集群

    4.在follower集群配置Leader集群

    image

    5.在follower集群配置Leader集群的索引同步规则（kibana页面配置）

    a.stack Management -> Cross Cluster Replication -> create a follower index.

    image

    6.启用步骤5的配置

    image

    三索引模板

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/index-templates.html

    8.X之组件模板

    1.创建组件模板-索引setting相关

    # 组件模板 - 索引setting相关
PUT _component_template/template_sttting_part
{
  "template": {
    "settings": {
      "number_of_shards": 3,
      "number_of_replicas": 0
    }
  }
}

    2.创建组件模板-索引mapping相关

    # 组件模板 - 索引mapping相关
PUT _component_template/template_mapping_part
{
  "template": {
    "mappings": {
      "properties": {
        "hosr_name":{
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "cratet_at":{
          "type": "date",
          "format": "EEE MMM dd HH:mm:ss Z yyyy"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

    3.创建组件模板-配置模板和索引之间的关联

    // **注意：composed_of 如果多个组件模板中的配置项有重复，后面的会覆盖前面的，和配置的顺序有关**
# 基于组件模板，配置模板和索引之间的关联
# 也就是所有 tem_* 该表达式相关的索引创建时，都会使用到以下规则
PUT _index_template/template_1
{
  "index_patterns": [
    "tem_*"
  ],
  "composed_of": [
    "template_sttting_part",
    "template_mapping_part"
  ]
}

    4.测试

    # 创建测试
PUT tem_001

    索引模板基本操作

    image

    实战演练

    需求1：默认如果不显式指定Mapping,数值类型会被动态映射为long类型，但实际上业务数值都比较小，会存在存储浪费。需要将默认值指定为Integer

    索引模板，官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/index-templates.html

    mapping-动态模板,官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/dynamic-templates.html

    # 结合mapping 动态模板 和 索引模板
# 1.创建组件模板之 - mapping模板
PUT _component_template/template_mapping_part_01
{
  "template": {
    "mappings": {
      "dynamic_templates": [
        {
          "integers": {
            "match_mapping_type": "long",
            "mapping": {
              "type": "integer"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

# 2. 创建组件模板与索引关联配置
PUT _index_template/template_2
{
  "index_patterns": ["tem1_*"],
  "composed_of": ["template_mapping_part_01"]
}

# 3.创建测试数据
POST tem1_001/_doc/1
{
  "age":18
}

# 4.查看mapping结构验证
get tem1_001/_mapping

    需求2：date_*开头的字段，统一匹配为date日期类型。

    索引模板，官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/index-templates.html

    mapping-动态模板,官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/dynamic-templates.html

    # 结合mapping 动态模板 和 索引模板
# 1.创建组件模板之 - mapping模板
PUT _component_template/template_mapping_part_01
{
  "template": {
    "mappings": {
      "dynamic_templates": [
        {
          "integers": {
            "match_mapping_type": "long",
            "mapping": {
              "type": "integer"
            }
          }
        },
        {
        "date_type_process": {
          "match": "date_*",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "date",
            "format":"yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"
          }
        }
      }
      ]
    }
  }
}

# 2. 创建组件模板与索引关联配置
PUT _index_template/template_2
{
  "index_patterns": ["tem1_*"],
  "composed_of": ["template_mapping_part_01"]
}


# 3.创建测试数据
POST tem1_001/_doc/2
{
  "age":19,
  "date_aoe":"2022-01-01 18:18:00"
}

# 4.查看mapping结构验证
get tem1_001/_mapping

    四.LIM 索引生命周期管理

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/index-lifecycle-management.html

    什么是索引生命周期

    索引的 生-> 老 -> 病 -> 死

    是否有过考虑，如果一个索引，创建之后，就不再去管理了？会发生什么？

    什么是索引生命周期管理

    索引太大了会如何?

    大索引的恢复时间，要远比小索引恢复慢的多的多索引大了以后，检索会很慢，写入和更新也会受到不同程度的影响索引大到一定程度，当索引出现健康问题，会导致整个集群核心业务不可用

    最佳实践

    集群的单个分片最大文档数上限：2的32次幂减1，即20亿左右官方建议：分片大小控制在30GB-50GB，若索引数据量无限增大，肯定会超过这个值

    用户不关注全量

    某些业务场景，业务更关注近期的数据，如近3天、近7天大索引会将全部历史数据汇集在一起，不利于这种场景的查询

    索引生命周期管理的历史演变

    image

    LIM前奏 - rollover 滚动索引

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/index-rollover.html

    # 0.自测前提，lim生命周期rollover频率。默认10分钟
PUT _cluster/settings
{
  "persistent": {
    "indices.lifecycle.poll_interval": "1s"
  }
}

# 1. 创建索引，并指定别名
PUT test_index-0001
{
  "aliases": {
    "my-test-index-alias": {
      "is_write_index": true
    }
  }
}

# 2.批量导入数据
PUT my-test-index-alias/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":1}}
{"title":"testing 01"}
{"index":{"_id":2}}
{"title":"testing 02"}
{"index":{"_id":3}}
{"title":"testing 03"}
{"index":{"_id":4}}
{"title":"testing 04"}
{"index":{"_id":5}}
{"title":"testing 05"}

# 3.rollover 滚动规则配置
POST my-test-index-alias/_rollover
{
  "conditions": {
    "max_age": "7d",
    "max_docs": 5,
    "max_primary_shard_size": "50gb"
  }
}

# 4.在满足条件的前提下创建滚动索引
PUT my-test-index-alias/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":7}}
{"title":"testing 07"}

# 5.查询验证滚动是否成功
POST my-test-index-alias/_search

    LIM前奏 - shrink 索引压缩

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/ilm-shrink.html

    核心步骤：

    1. 将数据全部迁移至一个独立的节点

    2. 索引禁止写入

    3. 方可进行压缩

    # 1.准备测试数据
DELETE kibana_sample_data_logs_ext
PUT kibana_sample_data_logs_ext
{
  "settings": {
    "number_of_shards": 5,
    "number_of_replicas": 0
  }
}
POST _reindex
{
  "source": {
    "index": "kibana_sample_data_logs"
  },
  "dest": {
    "index": "kibana_sample_data_logs_ext"
  }
}


# 2.压缩前必要的条件设置
# number_of_replicas :压缩后副本为0
# index.routing.allocation.include._tier_preference 数据分片全部路由到hot节点
# "index.blocks.write 压缩后索引不再允许数据写入
PUT kibana_sample_data_logs_ext/_settings
{
  "settings": {
    "index.number_of_replicas": 0,
    "index.routing.allocation.include._tier_preference": "data_hot",
    "index.blocks.write": true
  }
}

# 3.实施压缩
POST kibana_sample_data_logs_ext/_shrink/kibana_sample_data_logs_ext_shrink
{
  "settings":{
    "index.number_of_replicas": 0,
    "index.number_of_shards": 1,
    "index.codec":"best_compression"
  },
  "aliases":{
    "kibana_sample_data_logs_alias":{}
  }
}

    LIM实战

    全局认知建立 - 四大阶段

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/overview-index-lifecycle-management.html

    生命周期管理阶段（Policy）：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/ilm-index-lifecycle.html

    Hot阶段(生)

    Set priority

    Unfollow

    Rollover

    Read-only

    Shrink

    Force Merge

    Search snapshot

    Warm阶段（老）

    Set priority

    Unfollow

    Read-only

    Allocate

    migrate

    Shirink

    Force Merge

    Cold阶段（病）

    Search snapshot

    Delete阶段（死）

    delete

    演练

    1.创建policy

    • Hot阶段设置，rollover: max_age:3d，max_docs:5, max_size:50gb, 优先级：100

    • Warm阶段设置：min_age:15s , forcemerage段合并，热节点迁移到warm节点，副本数设置0，优先级：50

    • Cold阶段设置: min_age 30s, warm迁移到cold阶段

    • Delete阶段设置：min_age 45s，执行删除操作

    PUT _ilm/policy/kr_20221114_policy
{
  "policy": {
    "phases": {
      "hot": {
        "min_age": "0ms",
        "actions": {
          "set_priority": {
            "priority": 100
          },
          "rollover": {
            "max_size": "50gb",
            "max_primary_shard_size": "50gb",
            "max_age": "3d",
            "max_docs": 5
          }
        }
      },
      "warm": {
        "min_age": "15s",
        "actions": {
          "forcemerge": {
            "max_num_segments": 1
          },
          "set_priority": {
            "priority": 50
          },
          "allocate": {
            "number_of_replicas": 0
          }
        }
      },
      "cold": {
        "min_age": "30s",
        "actions": {
          "set_priority": {
            "priority": 0
          }
        }
      },
      "delete": {
        "min_age": "45s",
        "actions": {
          "delete": {
            "delete_searchable_snapshot": true
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
    image

    2.创建index template

    PUT _index_template/kr_20221114_template
{
  "index_patterns": ["kr_index-**"],
  "template": {
    "settings": {
      "index": {
        "lifecycle": {
          "name": "kr_20221114_policy",
          "rollover_alias": "kr-index-alias"
        },
        "routing": {
          "allocation": {
            "include": {
              "_tier_preference": "data-hot"
            }
          }
        },
        "number_of_shards": "3",
        "number_of_replicas": "1"
      }
    },
    "aliases": {},
    "mappings": {}
  }
}

    3.测试需要修改lim rollover刷新频率

    PUT _cluster/settings
{
  "persistent": {
    "indices.lifecycle.poll_interval": "1s"
  }
}

    4.进行测试

    # 创建索引，并制定可写别名
PUT kr_index-0001
{
  "aliases": {
    "kr-index-alias": {
      "is_write_index": true
    }
  }
}
# 通过别名新增数据
PUT kr-index-alias/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":1}}
{"title":"testing 01"}
{"index":{"_id":2}}
{"title":"testing 02"}
{"index":{"_id":3}}
{"title":"testing 03"}
{"index":{"_id":4}}
{"title":"testing 04"}
{"index":{"_id":5}}
{"title":"testing 05"}
# 通过别名新增数据，触发rollover
PUT kr-index-alias/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":6}}
{"title":"testing 06"}
# 查看索引情况
GET kr_index-0001

get _cat/indices?v

    过程总结

    第一步：配置 lim pollicy

    • 横向：Phrase 阶段(Hot、Warm、Cold、Delete) 生老病死

    • 纵向：Action 操作（rollover、forcemerge、readlyonly、delete）

    第二步：创建模板 绑定policy,指定别名

    第三步：创建起始索引

    第四步：索引基于第一步指定的policy进行滚动

    五.Data Stream

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/ilm-actions.html

    特性解析

    Data Stream让我们跨多个索引存储时序数据，同时给了唯一的对外接口（data stream名称）

    • 写入和检索请求发给data stream

    • data stream将这些请求路由至 backing index（后台索引）

    image

    Backing indices

    每个data stream由多个隐藏的后台索引构成

    • 自动创建

    • 要求模板索引

    rollover 滚动索引机制用于自动生成后台索引

    • 将成为data stream 新的写入索引

    应用场景

    1. 日志、事件、指标等其他持续创建（少更新）的业务数据
    2. 两大核心特点
    3. 时序性数据
    4. 数据极少更新或没有更新

    创建Data Stream 核心步骤

    image

    官网文档地址：
    https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.1/set-up-a-data-stream.html

    Set up a data stream

    To set up a data stream, follow these steps:

    1. Create an index lifecycle policy
    2. Create component templates
    3. Create an index template
    4. Create the data stream
    5. Secure the data stream

    演练

    1. 创建一个data stream，名称为my-data-stream

    2. index_template 名称为 my-index-template

    3. 满足index格式【"my-data-stream*"】的索引都要被应用到

    4. 数据插入的时候，在data_hot节点

    5. 过3分钟之后要rollover到data_warm节点

    6. 再过5分钟要到data_cold节点

    # 步骤1 。创建 lim policy
PUT _ilm/policy/my-lifecycle-policy
{
  "policy": {
    "phases": {
      "hot": {
        "actions": {
          "rollover": {
            "max_size": "50gb",
            "max_age": "3m",
            "max_docs": 5
          },
          "set_priority": {
            "priority": 100
          }
        }
      },
      "warm": {
        "min_age": "5m",
        "actions": {
          "allocate": {
            "number_of_replicas": 0
          }, 
          "forcemerge": {
            "max_num_segments": 1
          },
          "set_priority": {
            "priority": 50
          }
        }
      },
      "cold": {
        "min_age": "6m",
        "actions": {
          "freeze":{}
        }
      },
      "delete": {
        "min_age": "45s",
        "actions": {
          "delete": {}
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

# 步骤2 创建组件模板 - mapping
PUT _component_template/my-mappings
{
  "template": {
    "mappings": {
      "properties": {
        "@timestamp": {
          "type": "date",
          "format": "date_optional_time||epoch_millis"
        },
        "message": {
          "type": "wildcard"
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "_meta": {
    "description": "Mappings for @timestamp and message fields",
    "my-custom-meta-field": "More arbitrary metadata"
  }
}

# 步骤3 创建组件模板 - setting
PUT _component_template/my-settings
{
  "template": {
    "settings": {
      "index.lifecycle.name": "my-lifecycle-policy",
      "index.routing.allocation.include._tier_preference":"data_hot"
    }
  },
  "_meta": {
    "description": "Settings for ILM",
    "my-custom-meta-field": "More arbitrary metadata"
  }
}

# 步骤4 创建索引模板
PUT _index_template/my-index-template
{
  "index_patterns": ["my-data-stream*"],
  "data_stream": { },
  "composed_of": [ "my-mappings", "my-settings" ],
  "priority": 500,
  "_meta": {
    "description": "Template for my time series data",
    "my-custom-meta-field": "More arbitrary metadata"
  }
}

# 步骤5 创建 data stream  并 写入数据测试
PUT my-data-stream/_bulk
{ "create":{ } }
{ "@timestamp": "2099-05-06T16:21:15.000Z", "message": "192.0.2.42 - - [06/May/2099:16:21:15 +0000] \"GET /images/bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736" }
{ "create":{ } }
{ "@timestamp": "2099-05-06T16:25:42.000Z", "message": "192.0.2.255 - - [06/May/2099:16:25:42 +0000] \"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0\" 200 3638" }

POST my-data-stream/_doc
{
  "@timestamp": "2099-05-06T16:21:15.000Z",
  "message": "192.0.2.42 - - [06/May/2099:16:21:15 +0000] \"GET /images/bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736"
}


# 步骤6 查看data stream 后台索引信息
GET /_resolve/index/my-data-stream*

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