(郑重声明:原创但非首发,首发于豫兰剑客新浪博客。)
语法是学习语言的钥匙,一把钥匙在手,你自己就可以将门打开并登堂入室。英语的语法分为词法和句法,词法稍后再讲,句法就是一个句子的五大问题,包括语序、时态、语态、数和格,而语序是基础,句子成分又是掌握语序的基础。
像汉语一样,英语也有句子成分。句子成分是指组成句子的各个部分,汉语的句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语六种。英语的句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语七种,不管是汉语还是英语,主语和谓语都是主句的主体部分。这样一比较,你就好记了。
接下来我就按照上面的顺序,分别讲一讲英语句子的七大成分。
1、 主语。主语是陈述的对象,表示句子所说的是什么人什么物或什么事,由名词或名词短语,动名词或动名词短语、代词、动词不定式、特殊疑问词+to do和句子充当。其中,句子做主语,叫主语从句。有时候,介词短语也可以主语。例如:
(1)Tom is a good boy.(名词作主语)
(2)My name is Jane.(名词短语做主语)
(3)He often goes to school on foot .(代词做主语)
(4)Cooking is fun .(动名词做主语)
(5)Looking after him is my duty .(动名词短语做主语)
(6)To see is to believe .(动词不定式做主语)
(7)How to learn English well is my biggest problem .(特殊疑问词+to do 做主语)
(8) How I can learn English well is my biggest problem .(句子做主语,即主语从句)
(9) On the wall is my photo .(介词短语做主语)
(10) It is important for us to learn English well.(it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式)
(11) It is a pity that they won’t stay here for long .(真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句)
2.谓语。表述主语的动作或状态,说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样,一般由动词或动词短语来充当。主语和谓语在人称和和数上要保持一致。
例如:(1)I study in Jingangtai Junior High School .(表示做什么)
(2)They are reading in the classroom .(表示做什么)
(3)I am a student ,my mother is a teacher and my father is a doctor .(表示是什么)
(4)She is very beautiful .(表示怎么样)
注意:(一)英语中的谓语必须由动词来充当(汉语的谓语可以是动词、形容词甚至名词),谓语动词有时态、语态和数的问题(现在时态当中,谓语动词有数的问题;过去时态中,只有be动词才存在数的问题。)例如:
(1) Lu xun wrote this book in 1936.(过去时态,主动语态,无数的问题)
(2) This book was written by Lu xun in 1936 .(过去时态,被动语态,单数)
(二)一个句子,缺少什么都可以,不能缺主语和谓语(祈使句和省略句除外)。
3、宾语。宾语是动作的承受者,在及物动词的后面,和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”,可做及物动词宾语的有:名词或名词短语、动名词或动名词短语、代词宾格、句子(叫宾语从句、特殊疑问词+to do 、动词不定式。例如:
(1)He can speak English .(名词作宾语)
(3) She has a round face .(名词短语做宾语)
(4) I like reading .(动名词做宾语)
(5)Tom loves playing football .(动名词短语做宾语)
(6)I can help you . (代词做宾语,用宾格形式)
(7)Wang Lin wants to go to Beijing .(动词不定式作宾语)
(8)Can you tell me how to learn English well ?(直接宾语是特殊词+to do,me是间接宾语 )
(9)I hope that your dream will come true .(句子做宾语) 注意:(一)可跟动词不定式做宾语的及物动词有:want\plan\hope\wish\refuse\decide\like\love\enjoy\hate\prefer\need\dare\try\remember\learn\start\begin\forget\stop\fail\continue\help\promise\learn等。其中,hope后可跟带to的动词不定式作宾语,也可省略to .
例如:1. I plan to go to Mount Tai with my parents this summer holiday .
2.Mary needs to study hard .
3.Remember to turn off the light before leaving the room .
4.I started to learn English when I was 6 years old . (二)可跟动名词做宾语的及物动词有:finish\practise\avoid\live\love\enjoy\hate\prefer\go\try\forget\remember\start\begin\stop\suggest\consider\keep等。 例如:(1)I finished doing my homework .
(2)Mary is practising cooking .
(3)he ran into the wall to avoid hitting the car .
(4)Jane started learning Chinese at the age of six .
(5)Stop reading and listen to me carefully .
(6)We suggest having an class meeting .
(7)We consider paying an visit to Europe .
(8)I remembered having handed in my homework already.
(三)介词后面也要而且必须跟宾语。 (1) I’m good at jumping .
(2) How about going skating .
(3) Maria gets used to getting up at half past six .
(4) He is looking forward to hearing from her .
(5) Pay attention to dealing with the problem carefully .
(6) Qian xuesen made important contributions to setting up the research institute of rockets and missiles.
(四)有些形容词后面跟句子,相当于宾语从句。 例如:(1)I’m sorry that you failed the exam .
(2)I’m sure that we will win the game .
(3)I’m glad that I can see you again .
4、表语。表述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份,说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。由名词短语、形容词或形容词短语,介词短语充当。判断表语的方法有:
(1)be动词后边是表语。
(2)sound\look\smell\taste\feel+adj(五大感官动词后面的形容词是表语。
(3)fall\keep\turn\get\become\stay\remain\come\go\appear+adj(其中的形容词是表语)。
(4)seem+n\adj\that从句\to do(seem只作连系动词,后面总跟表语)。
注:表语前面的动词叫连系动词,连系动词和其后面的表语一起构成系表结构。
(1) Miss Wang is a teacher .
(2) Jane feels very disappointed .
(3) The fish smalls bad .
(4) The food tastes very nice .
(5)That\It sounds great\wonderful\interesting .
(6)You look pale ,What’s wrong with you ?
(7) Spring is coming ,It's getting warmer and warmer .
(8) His face turned red .
(9) He fell ill two days ago,and now he is much better .
(10)She eats too much and she is becoming fatter and fatter 。
(11)In case of a fire ,We must stay\keep\remain calm .
(12)Tom seems very angry ,What happened to him ?
5、宾语补足语。用来补充说明宾语的特点、状态或身份,主要由名词、形容词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、介词短语和动词不定式充当。
(1)使役动词make+宾语+n\adj\do\介词短语\过去分词
(2)使役动词:make\let\have+宾语+do
get+宾语+to do
(3)keep+宾语+adj\doing\介词短语
(4)see\watch\notice\oberve\find\look at+宾语+do\doing
Hear\listen to+宾语+do\doing
(5)ask\tell\invite\advise\promise\allow\force\encourage\want\wish\order\help\teach\would like+sb+to do
(6)need sth to do
Use sth to do
Cause sb\sth to do
注意:宾语补足语必须放在宾语的后边(及物动词+宾语+宾语不足语),对宾语起补充说明的作用。实在太多,不一一举例,同学们自己根据这些结构分别造句。
6.定语。定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,通常由形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、相当于形容词的短语和句子充当,句子做定语的时候就是定语从句。
例如:(1)He is a good teacher .(形容词做定语)
(2)This book is nice .(代词做定语)
(3)There are fifty-two students in our class.(数词做定语)
(4)The weather there is beautiful.(副词做定语,后置)
(5)The girl in red is her sister .(介词短语做定语)
(6)I don’t know the way to work out this problem .(动词不定式做定语,后置)
(7)Many people all over the world like it .(相当于形容词的短语做定语)
(8)The boy who is in blue is my brother .(句子做定语,即定语从句)
7、状语。修饰动词、形容词、副词,表示动作行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当。例如:
(1)We are going to have a basketball game tomorrow .(名词作状语)
(2)listen to me carefully .(副词做状语)
(3)They are playing soccer on our school playground .(介词短语做状语)
(4)I’ll go to see you tomorrow .(动词不定式做目的状语)
(5)He usually go to work by bus .(方式状语)
(6)Our English teacher came into the classroom ,with a book in her hand.(介词断语做伴随状语)
(7)She is sitting outside the room ,crying.(现在分词做伴随状语)
(8)Mary learned to dance when she was six years old .(时间状语从句)
(9)I got up very early this morning so that I caught up with the first bus .(结果状语从句)
(10)Kangkang didn’t go to school because he was ill.(原因状语从句)
(11)we’re going to the people’s park to relax if it is fine tomorrow.(条件状语从句)
句子成分是学习句法的前提,句子成分掌握了,英语五大问题之语序问题就容易探讨了.
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