Java的反射机制是指在程序运行状态中,构造任意一个类的对象,可以了解任意一个对象所属的类,可以了解任意一个类的成员变量和方法,可以调用任意一个对象的属性和方法。这种动态获取程序信息以及动态调用对象的功能称为Java语言的反射机制。
问题引入:
那么C++中能否实现类似的反射机制,根据给定的字符串(类的名字),生成类的对象呢?
简单工厂模式:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "Base" << endl;
}
};
class Derive1 : public Base
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "Derive1" << endl;
}
};
class Derive2 : public Base
{
public:
virtual void print()
{
cout << "Derive2" << endl;
}
};
class Factory
{
public:
static Base* build(const string& className)
{
if("Derive1" == className)
{
return new Derive1;
}
if("Derive2" == className)
{
return new Derive2;
}
return 0;
}
};
int main()
{
Base* p1 = Factory::build("Derive1");
p1->print();
Base* p2 = Factory::build("Derive2");
p2->print();
return 0;
}
通过简单工厂模式,的确可以实现根据"类名字符串",生成对应的对象。但是,这种操作下,一旦需要新增类时,就必须修改 生成对象的 Factory 类。 有没有什么办法能够不需要修改 Factory呢?
其实通过回调函数引入“注册”机制,就能比较好的实现这一想法:
工厂模式结合注册机制
方法一:
为了实现反射,可以设计以下四种角色:
一、工厂类
- 单例模式,保证只有一份实例
- 维护私有 map 用于记录 应用类名 - 应用类的反射成员
- 提供注册接口,用于注入 应用类名 - 应用类的反射成员
- 提供获取应用类的实例接口,通过维护的 应用类的反射成员 的 应用类的回调函数 初始化应用类的实例
二、 反射类
- 维护应用类的 类名 和 类的回调函数
- 在构造函数中,调用工厂的注册接口
- 提供调用回调函数的接口,用以初始化应用类的实例
三、基类
- 用于承载回调函数类型
四、应用类(子类)
- 维护应用类的反射类
- 定义回调函数,返回应用类的实例
- 应用成员......
- 实例化应用类的反射类,以实现在反射类的构造函数中向工厂类注册入map
一、工厂类:
class Factory
{
private:
Factory(){ cout << "Factory()" << endl; }
public:
~Factory(){ cout << "~Factory()" << endl; }
public:
static Factory& getInstance();
// 将子类的 Reflector 指针注册到 map 中
void Register(Reflector* reflector);
// 根据类名返回实例
Base* getObject(string className);
private:
map<string, Reflector*> objectMap;
};
Factory& Factory::getInstance()
{
static Factory factory;
return factory;
}
void Factory::Register(Reflector* reflector)
{
if (reflector)
{
objectMap.insert(map<string, Reflector*>::value_type(reflector->m_cname, reflector));
}
}
Base* Factory::getObject(string className)
{
map<string, Reflector*>::const_iterator iter = objectMap.find(className);
if (iter != objectMap.end())
{
return iter->second->getObjectInstance();
}
}
二、反射类
typedef Base* (*ObjectConstructor)();
class Reflector
{
public:
Reflector(string name, ObjectConstructor objc) : m_cname(name), m_objc(objc)
{
cout << "Reflector()" << endl;
Factory::getInstance().Register(this);
}
virtual ~Reflector(){ cout << "~Reflector()" << endl; }
Base* getObjectInstance();
public:
string m_cname;
ObjectConstructor m_objc;
};
Base* Reflector::getObjectInstance()
{
return m_objc();
}
三、基类
// 支持反射的基类
class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
virtual void print(){
cout << "Base print()" << endl;
}
};
四、应用类
class Derive : public Base
{
public:
Derive(){ cout << "Derive()" << endl; }
virtual ~Derive(){ cout << "~Derive()" << endl; }
static Base* CreateObject()
{
return new Derive;
}
void print()
{
cout << "Derive print()" << endl;
}
protected:
static Reflector m_reflector;
};
Reflector Derive::m_reflector("Derive", Derive::CreateObject);
主函数调用:
int main()
{
Base* p = Factory::getInstance().getObject("Derive");
if (p)
{
p->print();
}
delete p;
return 0;
}
根据应用类的实现,可以看到,每个支持反射的应用类,都需要写相同的 CreateObject() 和 m_reflector。以及都需要去初始化自身的 m_reflector 实现注册。实际上,如果写好宏定义,每个应用类需要的代码量就会大大减少:
宏定义实现:
#define DELCLARE_CLASS(className) \
public: \
static Base* CreateObject() \
{ \
return new className; \
} \
protected: \
static Reflector m_reflector; \
#define REGISTER_CLASS(className) \
Reflector className::m_reflector(#className, className::CreateObject);
应用类定义:
class Derive : public Base
{
DELCLARE_CLASS(Derive);
public:
Derive(){ cout << "Derive()" << endl; }
virtual ~Derive(){ cout << "~Derive()" << endl; }
void print()
{
cout << "Derive print()" << endl;
}
};
REGISTER_CLASS(Derive);
完整代码实现:
reflect_1.h
#ifndef _REFLECT_1_H_
#define _REFLECT_1_H_
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
class Reflector;
// 支持反射的基类
class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
virtual void print(){
cout << "Base print()" << endl;
}
};
// 工厂类
// - 提供注册接口,注册子类的 Reflector 对象
// - 提供返回创建对象接口,根据子类类名返回实例
class Factory
{
private:
Factory(){ cout << "Factory()" << endl; }
public:
~Factory(){ cout << "~Factory()" << endl; }
public:
static Factory& getInstance();
// 将子类的 Reflector 指针注册到 map 中
void Register(Reflector* reflector);
// 根据类名返回实例
Base* getObject(string className);
private:
map<string, Reflector*> objectMap;
};
typedef Base* (*ObjectConstructor)();
// 实现反射的类
// - 构造时将自身的(实际上就是子类的) className 和 Reflector写入 map 中
// - 回调函数实现返回子类的实例
class Reflector
{
public:
Reflector(string name, ObjectConstructor objc) : m_cname(name), m_objc(objc)
{
cout << "Reflector()" << endl;
Factory::getInstance().Register(this);
}
virtual ~Reflector(){ cout << "~Reflector()" << endl; }
Base* getObjectInstance();
public:
string m_cname;
ObjectConstructor m_objc;
};
// impl
Factory& Factory::getInstance()
{
static Factory factory;
return factory;
}
void Factory::Register(Reflector* reflector)
{
if (reflector)
{
objectMap.insert(map<string, Reflector*>::value_type(reflector->m_cname, reflector));
}
}
Base* Factory::getObject(string className)
{
map<string, Reflector*>::const_iterator iter = objectMap.find(className);
if (iter != objectMap.end())
{
return iter->second->getObjectInstance();
}
}
Base* Reflector::getObjectInstance()
{
return m_objc();
}
#define DELCLARE_CLASS(className) \
public: \
static Base* CreateObject() \
{ \
return new className; \
} \
protected: \
static Reflector m_reflector; \
#define REGISTER_CLASS(className) \
Reflector className::m_reflector(#className, className::CreateObject);
#endif
reflect_1.cpp
#include "reflect_1.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 支持反射的子类
class Derive : public Base
{
DELCLARE_CLASS(Derive);
public:
Derive(){ cout << "Derive()" << endl; }
virtual ~Derive(){ cout << "~Derive()" << endl; }
void print()
{
cout << "Derive print()" << endl;
}
};
REGISTER_CLASS(Derive);
class Derive2 : public Base
{
DELCLARE_CLASS(Derive2);
public:
void print()
{
cout << "Derive2 print()" << endl;
}
};
REGISTER_CLASS(Derive2);
int main()
{
Base* p = Factory::getInstance().getObject("Derive");
if (p)
{
p->print();
}
delete p;
Base* p2 = Factory::getInstance().getObject("Derive2");
if (p2)
{
p2->print();
}
delete p2;
return 0;
}
方法二:
目前为止,已经实现了C++的反射机制,但是是否有继续优化的空间呢~?
其实在工厂类维护 map 的时候,可以直接维护 类名 - 类的函数指针 ,不需要通过 Reflector 再转一层。
基类:
// 支持反射的基类
class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
virtual void print(){
cout << "Base print()" << endl;
}
};
typedef Base* (*ObjectConstructor)();
工厂类:
注意维护的 map 已变成 map<string, ObjectConstructor> objectMap; 在getObject中,直接iter->second() 即返回了对应的 Base*。
class Factory
{
private:
Factory(){ cout << "Factory()" << endl; }
public:
~Factory(){ cout << "~Factory()" << endl; }
public:
static Factory& getInstance();
void Register(string className, ObjectConstructor objc);
Base* getObject(string className);
private:
map<string, ObjectConstructor> objectMap;
};
Factory& Factory::getInstance()
{
static Factory factory;
return factory;
}
void Factory::Register(string className, ObjectConstructor m_objc)
{
if (m_objc)
{
objectMap.insert(map<string, ObjectConstructor>::value_type(className, m_objc));
}
}
Base* Factory::getObject(string className)
{
map<string, ObjectConstructor>::const_iterator iter = objectMap.find(className);
if (iter != objectMap.end())
{
return iter->second();
}
}
反射类
反射类中无需再维护应用类的 类名 和 ObjectConstructor
class Reflector
{
public:
Reflector(string name, ObjectConstructor objc)
{
cout << "Reflector()" << endl;
Factory::getInstance().Register(name, objc);
}
virtual ~Reflector(){ cout << "~Reflector()" << endl; }
};
应用类
class Derive : public Base
{
public:
Derive(){ cout << "Derive()" << endl; }
virtual ~Derive(){ cout << "~Derive()" << endl; }
void print()
{
cout << "Derive print()" << endl;
}
};
Base* CreateObject()
{
return new Derive;
}
// 通过 Reflector 构造函数向工厂类中注册
Reflector reflector("Derive", CreateObject);
同样通过定义宏的方式简化,注意因为Reflector不再维护应用类的信息,而只是单纯的做注册,每个应用类的 CreateObject 和 对应的 reflector 不再需要作为应用类的成员。 所以在定义 CreateObject 和 实例化 reflector时,需要加上应用类的特殊标识。 这里利用宏,将应用类的 className 拼接在对应的 CreateObject 和 reflector 后面:
#define REGISTER(className) \
Base* CreateObject##className() \
{ \
return new className; \
} \
Reflector reflector##className(#className, CreateObject##className); \
完整代码:
reflect_2.h
#ifndef _REFLECT_1_H_
#define _REFLECT_1_H_
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
// 支持反射的基类
class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
virtual void print(){
cout << "Base print()" << endl;
}
};
typedef Base* (*ObjectConstructor)();
// 工厂类
// - 提供注册接口,注册子类的 Reflector 对象
// - 提供返回创建对象接口,根据子类类名返回实例
class Factory
{
private:
Factory(){ cout << "Factory()" << endl; }
public:
~Factory(){ cout << "~Factory()" << endl; }
public:
static Factory& getInstance();
void Register(string className, ObjectConstructor objc);
Base* getObject(string className);
private:
map<string, ObjectConstructor> objectMap;
};
// impl
Factory& Factory::getInstance()
{
static Factory factory;
return factory;
}
void Factory::Register(string className, ObjectConstructor m_objc)
{
if (m_objc)
{
objectMap.insert(map<string, ObjectConstructor>::value_type(className, m_objc));
}
}
Base* Factory::getObject(string className)
{
map<string, ObjectConstructor>::const_iterator iter = objectMap.find(className);
if (iter != objectMap.end())
{
return iter->second();
}
}
// 实现反射的类
// - 构造时将自身的(实际上就是子类的) className 和 Reflector写入 map 中
// - 回调函数实现返回子类的实例
class Reflector
{
public:
Reflector(string name, ObjectConstructor objc)
{
cout << "Reflector()" << endl;
Factory::getInstance().Register(name, objc);
}
virtual ~Reflector(){ cout << "~Reflector()" << endl; }
};
#define REGISTER(className) \
Base* CreateObject##className() \
{ \
return new className; \
} \
Reflector reflector##className(#className, CreateObject##className); \
#endif
reflect_2.cpp
#include "reflect_2.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 支持反射的子类
class Derive : public Base
{
public:
Derive(){ cout << "Derive()" << endl; }
virtual ~Derive(){ cout << "~Derive()" << endl; }
void print()
{
cout << "Derive print()" << endl;
}
};
REGISTER(Derive);
class Derive2 : public Base
{
public:
void print()
{
cout << "Derive2 print()" << endl;
}
};
REGISTER(Derive2);
int main()
{
Base* p = Factory::getInstance().getObject("Derive");
if (p)
{
p->print();
}
delete p;
Base* p2 = Factory::getInstance().getObject("Derive2");
if (p2)
{
p2->print();
}
delete p2;
return 0;
}
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