传统项目管理流程

特点：Linear /No going back/不同的Phase Gate

• Idea - Traditional projects start with an Idea by the owner or team
• Business cases - Business Cases are performed for each concept; often a qualitative and quantitative process
• Bid & Proposal - Project scopes of work are written and competed amongst teams
  1. External vendors will submit bids and proposals to win work against a Request for Proposals
  2. Internal teams will submit budgets and proposals to win allocated funding from a PMO or Portfolio function
• Waterfall Development - each stage is executed sequentially, with limited iteration or "going backward" in stages
  1. Requirements - the process of defining high, medium, and low-level needs of the end users and stakeholders
  2. Design - the process of architecting the solution to meet those requirements within the project contraints
  3. Implementation - the building of the product to specification
  4. Verification - the testing and product to ensure it meets specifications and the requirements' intent
  5. Maintenance - the design of and support of deploying and maintaining the product in operations
  6. Operations - the use of the product to produce benefits to the organization
  7. Disposal - the retirement of the project according to regulations and sustainability practices

Standard Stage Gates:

Gates	Comments
Idea Readiness Review (IRR)	precedes Business Cases
Concept Readiness Review (CRR)	precedes Bid & Proposal Stages
Planning Readiness Review (PRR)	precedes Requirements phase
Requirements Readiness Review (RRR)	precedes Design phase, exits Requirements phase
Design Readiness Review (DRR)	precedes Implementation phase, exits Design phase
Implementation Readiness Review (IRR)	precedes Verification phase, exits Implementation phase
Operational Readiness Review (ORR)	precedes Maintenance (O&M) phase, exits Verification phase
Operations and Maintenance Review (OMR)	Precedes Disposal phase, exits Operations (O&M)

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