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2019-03-29 第四章 磁盘分区

2019-03-29 第四章 磁盘分区

作者: Ffvc | 来源:发表于2019-03-29 21:00 被阅读0次

    Day22

    作者:方维超

    归档:课堂笔记

    时间:2019/3/29

    第四章:分区知识

    命令:

    dd 创建虚拟的文件系统

    image.png

    查看分区系统

    [root@CentOS-F~]# cat /proc/partitions
    major minor #blocks name
    11 0 4481024 sr0
    8 0 20971520 sda
    8 1 204800 sda1
    8 2 2048000 sda2
    8 3 18717696 sda3
    8 16 524288 sdb
    8 17 9749 sdb1
    8 18 9216 sdb2
    8 19 10240 sdb3
    8 20 9216 sdb4
    8 21 10240 sdb5

    分区完后,必须执行partprobe /devsdb (不需要重启生效),将分区信息通知内核

    partad 分区

    image.png image.png image.png

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb #交互式开始分区
    GNU Parted 3.1
    Using /dev/sdb
    Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
    (parted) help
    (parted) mklabel gpt #修改分区格式为gpt
    Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to
    continue?
    Yes/No? Yes
    (parted) p
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt #修改结果
    (parted) mkpart primary 0 480 #创建第一个主分区480M。
    Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
    Ignore/Cancel? Ignore #忽略提示。
    (parted) mkpart primary 481 580 #创建第二个主分区100M。
    Warning: You requested a partition from 481MB to 580MB (sectors 939453..1132812).
    The closest location we can manage is 481MB to 481MB (sectors 940031..940031).
    Is this still acceptable to you?
    Yes/No? Y
    Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
    Ignore/Cancel? I #忽略提示。
    (parted) mkpart logic 581 600 #创建一个20M逻辑分区。
    (parted) p
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    Disk Flags:

    Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
    1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary
    3 481MB 481MB 512B primary
    2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary
    4 581MB 600MB 18.9MB logic
    (parted) rm 4 #删除
    (parted) p

    修改分区格式:

    (parted) mklabel msdos
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.

    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
    p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
    e extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (1-4, default 1):
    First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):
    Using default value 2048
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +100M
    Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

    Command (m for help): p

    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

    Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
    /dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type:
    p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
    e extended
    Select (default p): p
    Partition number (2-4, default 2):
    First sector (206848-2097151, default 206848):
    Using default value 206848
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-2097151, default 2097151): +100M
    Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

    Command (m for help): p

    Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

    Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
    /dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
    /dev/sdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!

    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/sdb*
    brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb
    brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb1
    brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb2

    格式化****ext4****文件系统,其实关键就是生成一定数量的****inode****和****block****。

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
    mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-201
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=1024 (log=0)
    Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    25688 inodes, 102400 blocks
    5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=1
    Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504
    13 block groups
    8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
    1976 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
    8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

    Allocating group tables: done
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

    挂载

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /mnt #挂载到/mnt

    [root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h #查看挂载结果 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda3 19G 1.9G 18G 10% /
    devtmpfs 980M 5.0M 975M 1% /dev
    tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs 991M 18M 973M 2% /run
    tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1 253M 136M 118M 54% /boot
    tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
    tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/1000
    /dev/sdb1 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /mnt #<====已挂载。 [root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/mounts #查看挂载结果 rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0
    sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
    proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
    configfs /sys/kernel/config configfs rw,relatime 0 0
    /dev/sda3 / xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
    systemd-1 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc autofs rw,relatime,fd=32,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=19277 0 0
    hugetlbfs /dev/hugepages hugetlbfs rw,relatime 0 0
    debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0
    mqueue /dev/mqueue mqueue rw,relatime 0 0
    /dev/sda1 /boot xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0
    tmpfs /run/user/0 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700 0 0
    tmpfs /run/user/1000 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0
    /dev/sdb1 /mnt ext4 rw,relatime,data=ordered 0 0 #<====已挂载。 [root@oldboyedu ~]# touch /mnt/oldboy
    [root@oldboyedu ~]# ls /mnt
    lost+found oldboy

    [root@CentOS-F/]# blkid
    /dev/sr0: UUID="2018-11-25-23-54-16-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
    /dev/sda1: UUID="193c807e-09b3-4b5f-a7b3-77ed8ca432e9" TYPE="xfs"
    /dev/sda2: UUID="0ea8c5c5-acd0-4d2d-aa24-80e6f428e9c9" TYPE="swap"
    /dev/sda3: UUID="2fdc9559-7c94-43f8-86ff-d09f09e4ac55" TYPE="xfs"
    /dev/sdb1: UUID="a5c24e84-520e-4971-b465-59e2f0cf3d3a" TYPE="ext3" PARTLABEL="primary" PARTUUID="4e82b1c6-dfb2-45ba-9d8c-6e6331f9ac2c"

    查看文件系统(****ext****格式)内部细节

    [root@CentOS-F/]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
    dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem volume name: <none>
    Last mounted on: /data
    Filesystem UUID: a5c24e84-520e-4971-b465-59e2f0cf3d3a
    Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
    Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
    Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super
    Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
    Default mount options: user_xattr acl
    Filesystem state: clean
    Errors behavior: Continue
    Filesystem OS type: Linux
    Inode count: 2448
    Block count: 9748
    Reserved block count: 487
    Free blocks: 8314
    Free inodes: 2436
    First block: 1
    Block size: 1024
    Fragment size: 1024
    Reserved GDT blocks: 38
    Blocks per group: 8192
    Fragments per group: 8192
    Inodes per group: 1224
    Inode blocks per group: 153
    Filesystem created: Fri Mar 29 00:28:35 2019
    Last mount time: Fri Mar 29 11:58:38 2019
    Last write time: Fri Mar 29 11:58:38 2019
    Mount count: 4
    Maximum mount count: -1
    Last checked: Fri Mar 29 00:28:35 2019
    Check interval: 0 (<none>)
    Lifetime writes: 32 kB
    Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
    Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
    First inode: 11
    Inode size: 128
    Journal inode: 8
    Default directory hash: half_md4
    Directory Hash Seed: ae793736-7f96-40c2-a720-7db1bd37b99d
    Journal backup: inode blocks
    Journal features: (none)
    Journal size: 1029k
    Journal length: 1024
    Journal sequence: 0x00000009
    Journal start: 0

    image.png

    Group 0: (Blocks 1-8192)
    Primary superblock at 1, Group descriptors at 2-2
    Reserved GDT blocks at 3-40
    Block bitmap at 41 (+40), Inode bitmap at 42 (+41)
    Inode table at 43-195 (+42)
    6954 free blocks, 1212 free inodes, 2 directories
    Free blocks: 1239-8192
    Free inodes: 13-1224
    Group 1: (Blocks 8193-9747)
    Backup superblock at 8193, Group descriptors at 8194-8194
    Reserved GDT blocks at 8195-8232
    Block bitmap at 8233 (+40), Inode bitmap at 8234 (+41)
    Inode table at 8235-8387 (+42)
    1360 free blocks, 1224 free inodes, 0 directories
    Free blocks: 8388-9747
    Free inodes: 1225-2448

    image.png

    分区知识:
    (1)什么是分区,为什么要分区?

    磁盘分区相当于给磁盘打隔断。**

    (2)磁盘和分区在Linux里的命名。**

    IDE:hda hdb

    SCSI:sda sdb

    分区数字表示:sda1 sda2 sda3

    (3)磁盘分区类型和特点:**

    1.主分区(primary)p

    系统中必须要存在的分区,系统盘选择主分区安装

    数字编号只能是1-4. sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4

    主分区最多4个,最少1个

    2.扩展分区(extend)e

    相当于一个独立的小磁盘,独立的分区表,不能独立存在。

    有独立的分区表

    不能独立存在,既不能直接存放数据

    要想存放数据,必须在扩展分区上建立逻辑分区才能存放数据

    会占用主分区的编号(主分区+扩展分区)之和最多4个

    扩展分区可以没有,最多只能有1个

    3.逻辑分区(logic)l

    数字编号只能从5开始

    存放于扩展分区之上

    存放任意普通数据**

    (4)磁盘分区工作原理:**

    磁盘是按柱面分区的。

    磁盘分区登记的地点:磁盘分区表

    作用:用来存放分区结果信息的。

    位置:0磁道0磁头1扇区(512字节)

    占用1扇区的前446字节(存放系统引导信息的)的64字节(分区表),剩下两个字节是分区结束标志。

    磁盘分区表的容量是有限的,64字节,一个分区固定占16字节。64/16=4分区(主分区+扩展分区)(5)磁盘分区实战**

    磁盘分区常用命令 fdisk ,修改MBR分区表,MBR格式。

    缺陷:被修改的磁盘大小不能大于2T.

    磁盘分区其他命令 parted ,gpt分区格式,既能修改小于2T也能修改大于2T的磁盘

    小于2T就用fdisk

    大于2T就用parted

    (6)生产场景分区方案:4种。参考前面课程。**

    获得使用的磁盘过程===买房入住生活的过程

    磁盘:房子

    RAID:多套房子打通

    分区:隔断/几居室/卧室/卫生间/厨房

    文件系统:装修风格/中式/欧式/美式(磁盘没有文件系统无法放数据)

    格式化过程:装修的过程

    挂载:开门开窗开始住人

    磁盘管理:生活中收拾屋子,打扫卫生,修修补补等。

    1、文件系统:(什么是文件系统?)**

    是计算机存储和组织数据的方法或机制。

    2、为什么需要文件系统?**

    磁盘、物理介质、磁粒子物理元素。硬件需要软件驱动使用,磁盘需要文件系统驱动。

    文件系统实现通过洗盘管理规划、存取数据

    没有文件系统计算机没办法放数据

    3、文件系统有哪些种类?**

    windows: NTFS、fat32、msdos

    Linux:ext2、ext3(C5)、ect4(C6)、Xfs(C7)、btrfs

    4、创建文件系统实践。**

    5、文件系统原理(ext文件系统)**

    6、企业中如何选择文件系统?**

    7、如何优化文件系统?**

    1、文件删除原理
    静态文件:没有程序和进程正在执行,干掉所有硬链接和它本身,i_link=0
    动态文件:有程序或进程正在运行,取消掉所有,i_count=0

    2、no space left on device
    磁盘满了。df -i检查,df -h检查,可能是定时任务执行时未输入到黑洞设备,导致给root发送邮件,邮件服务默认是关闭的,就会在临时目录下产生大量的小文件。

    3、swap作用,内存不够的时候,用来充当内存,一般是内存的1.5倍。大于8G给8G。 将来JAVA服务,内存泄漏, swap就会占用,操作系统性能下降。 [root@CentOS-F/]# free -m**

    total used free shared buff/cache available

    Mem: 1819 100 1561 9 158 1550

    Swap: 1999 0 1999

    <今天一堆码,大家看着也很烦吧,抱歉了啊>

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