** 薄荷阅读《心理学百科》笔记整理
THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK
>> - Behaviourism: Responding to Our Environment -
· Stop Imagining the Scene and Relax·
别想了,放松
【学者其人】
Joseph Wolpe
约翰·霍尔普
** 沃尔普何许人也?他是一位南非心理治疗师,也是行为疗法领域的一位最有影响力的人物。
>> Joseph Wolpe was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. He studied medicine at the University of Witwatersrand, then served in the South African Army, where he treated people for “war neurosis”.
** 沃尔普1915年生于南非约翰内斯堡,长大后在维特沃特斯兰德大学学医。随后,他效力南非军队,负责治疗患上PTSD(亦称“战后神经症”)的人群。
** 就是在那期间,他开始在行为心理学的基础上建立起自己的交互抑制技术(reciprocal inhibition),而其中系统脱敏术(systematic desensitization)可谓是为行为疗法进行了彻底革新。后来,他回归大学发展自己的系统脱敏术。
** 许多精神分析派的人对沃尔普的治疗方法嗤之以鼻,因为他不会首先了解病人的过去经历来定位病因。然而事实证明系统脱敏术的确成效斐然。
** 1960年,沃尔普移民美国。他先后任教于弗吉尼亚州立大学、费城天普大学,并于后者建立了一个名望甚高的行为疗法学会。
>> Renowned as a brilliant teacher, Wolpe continued to teach until he died of lung cancer, aged 82.
** 沃尔普一生都是一个杰出的传道授业解惑者,为三尺讲台辛勤劳动耕耘,直至82岁因为肺癌去世。
>> 沃尔普主要作品 Key Works
1958 Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition 《交互抑制心理治疗法》
1969 Practice of Behavioural Therapy 《行为主义治疗实践》
1988 Life without Fear《没有恐惧的生活》
>> 句子解析
1. Talking to these men about their experience did not stop their flashbacks to the original trauma, nor did it end their anxiety.
** 本句大意:和那些退伍军人谈论他们的经历,既不能让他们停止对原初创伤的回想,也不能解除他们的焦虑。
>> 【要点解读】
约瑟夫·沃尔普的行为主义疗法
>> “Behaviour depends upon the paths that neural excitation takes.”
>> 一.早期背景
1906 Ivan Pavlov publishes the first studies on stimulus-response techniques, showing that behaviour can be learned through conditioning.
** 1906年,巴甫洛夫正式发表了他对刺激-反应技术的初步研究;
>> 1913 John B. Watson publishes Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It, establishing the basic tenets of behavioural psychology.
** 1913年,华生发表《行为主义者眼中的心理学(Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It)》,为行为心理学树起基本原理;
>> 1920 John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiments demonstrate that emotions can be classically conditioned.
** 1920年,华生的小阿尔伯特实验演示了情绪可以受到经典性条件作用的影响;
>> 1938 B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms, presenting his theories on how human behaviour relates to biology and the environment.
** 1938年,斯金纳发表《生命体的行为(The Behavior of Organisms)》,讲述了行为如何与生物学和环境联系起来。
>> For most of the first half of the 20th century, psychotherapy was dominated by Freudian psychoanalysis.
** 20世纪上半叶,心理治疗领域完全由弗洛伊德派的精神分析疗法主宰。
>> This conflict can only be alleviated through a lengthy, introspective analysis of both the individual’s conscious and subconscious thoughts, including their formative experiences.
** 这一派理论认为内心的焦虑由内心深处的强烈矛盾引起,只能通过患者对自己的意识和潜意识思想进行长期的内省分析来得到缓解。
** 在二战期间,约瑟夫·沃尔普为患创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD)的士兵进行治疗。他试验了弗洛伊德的方法,但发现没什么用。于是,沃尔普转向行为心理学领域,在华生和巴甫洛夫等人的影响下展开了新的研究。
>> 二.沃尔普的研究
1.Unlearning fear 撤销恐惧
** 标题中的unlearn这个单词很有意思,我们先来看看它有什么含义:
>> unlearn:Discard (something learned, especially a bad habit or false or outdated information) from one’s memory.
** 简单概括,便是“把已经习得的(不好的、过时的)东西从记忆中去除掉”。
** 那么,沃尔普是怎么让患有PTSD的人unlearn fear的呢?
>> They had been able to make a previously unfelt emotional response to an object or event become automatic. Wolpe reasoned that if behaviour could be learned in this way, it could also be unlearned.
** 他拓展了巴甫洛夫和华生的经典性条件作用原理:既然动物和儿童可以在受到刺激后产生前所未有的情绪反应,那这一切一定能通过某种方式原路返回,把这些反应消除掉。
>> Wolpe had discovered that a human being is not capable of experiencing two contradictory states of emotion at the same time.
** 沃尔普发现一个人不可以同时体验到一对两相矛盾的情绪,比如你不能在同一时间既悠闲又焦躁。
>> This inspired him to teach his patients deep-muscle relaxation techniques, which he went on to pair with simultaneous exposure to some form of anxiety-inducing stimuli – a technique that became known as reciprocal inhibition.
** 于是,沃尔普开发出了一种治疗术,那便是先教病人深层肌肉放松的技巧,与此同时又让病人接受一些会导致焦虑的刺激。这便是“交互抑制”。
>> Wolpe’s patients were asked to imagine the thing or event that they found disturbing. If they started to become anxious, they would be encouraged to “stop imagining the scene and relax”.
** 沃尔普会先让病人回想一个会令他感到焦虑烦扰的事物,当病人逐渐开始焦虑的时候,沃尔普就引导他“别想了,放松”。
>> This approach gradually blocked out a patient’s feelings of fear. Just as the patient had previously been conditioned by his experiences to become anxious when recalling certain particularly harrowing memories, he now became conditioned – within a very short time – to block out his anxiety response, by focusing on the directly contradictory feeling of being totally relaxed.
** 这个方法逐渐就把病人的焦虑给阻绝在外了。这就像一个反向的经典性条件作用,带来恐惧的刺激依然存在,但是患者通过专注于与焦虑完全相反的放松感受,得到“撤销焦虑”的效果。
>> Obliviate(一忘皆空)!
Wolpe’s reciprocal inhibition succeeded in reconditioning the brain by focusing solely on symptoms and current behaviour, without any analysis of a patient’s past. It was also effective and brought fast results, and led to many important new techniques in the field of behavioural therapy.
** 交互抑制完全不分析病人的过去,只关注病人的症状和当下的行为,从而使大脑被“重新条件作用”。并且它见效很快,这激励了行为疗法领域许多重要的新技术的诞生。
** 2.Systematic desensitization 系统脱敏术
** 课文没有详细介绍系统脱敏术,斯特拉就在这里简单介绍一下它。
>> 1961 Wolpe introduces the concept of systematic desensitization.
** 1961年,沃尔普提出系统脱敏术的概念。它核心即是交互抑制,这种疗法主要有三个阶段。
>> 【1】焦虑刺激分级
** 对自己害怕/感到困扰的事物按照程度强弱进行排序,得到自己的“焦虑刺激分级”。如果对多个事物觉得一样焦虑,那它们就同等级别,也需要逐个击破。
>> 【2】学习对立机制
** 在我们的“撤销焦虑”的案例里,对立机制就是一定的放松训练,其中包括冥想,以及沃尔普所用的深层肌肉放松法等等。进行这样的训练有助于患者把握自己回想时产生的负面情绪,并且使他有方法来把负面情绪替换掉:“别想了,放松”。
>> 【3】交互抑制
** 最后一步就是通过交互抑制来撤销焦虑了。这个过程会按照患者一开始列出的分级,由最轻度的焦虑开始,依次往上击破,直到最后所有的焦虑都被解除。
** 三个阶段进行完毕以后,患者会接受复查,根据复查结果再确定新的治疗方案。
>> Wolpe himself used it to develop a systematic desensitization programme to cure phobias, such as fear of mice or flying, which is still widely used.
** 系统脱敏法适用于许多心理问题,其中比较显著的一类是对一些事物的恐惧症(phobia),比如怕老鼠、怕高等等。这个方法到今天都依然被运用在心理治疗中。
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