这里直接贴一个知乎链接,可以说讲得很好了https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/80594704
在单阶段的目标检测任务中,由于前景和背景不平衡的问题导致效果不如两阶段的方法(这个观点是否正确还有待研究)。
Focal loss
通过两个参数,一个控制平衡前景和背景的Loss贡献,一个控制简单样本的loss贡献。在目标检测任务中,简单样本虽然产生的loss很小,但是大部分样本均是简单样本,所以梯度仍然是由简单样本主导的。Focal Loss引入了两个超参数尝试去解决了这个问题。
GHM
通过划分bins,将梯度标准化,去解决上述提到的问题。GHM的想法是,我们确实不应该过多关注易分样本,但是特别难分的样本(outliers,离群点)也不该关注啊!那怎么同时衰减易分样本和特别难分的样本呢?太简单了,谁的数量多衰减谁呗!那怎么衰减数量多的呢?简单啊,定义一个变量,让这个变量能衡量出一定梯度范围内的样本数量——这不就是物理上密度的概念吗?
其中密度的估计用到了EMA,考虑了全局的样本分布,这也是focal loss不具备的。只是网络的前期是否能直接使用GHM?这也是否会导致前期训练的不稳定?
在自己的数据集上。GHM的表现不如focal loss,还需要更多的探索。
GHMC mmdetection代码解析
# 注册loss函数
@LOSSES.register_module
class GHMC(nn.Module):
"""GHM Classification Loss.
Details of the theorem can be viewed in the paper
"Gradient Harmonized Single-stage Detector".
https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05181
Args:
bins (int): Number of the unit regions for distribution calculation.
momentum (float): The parameter for moving average.
use_sigmoid (bool): Can only be true for BCE based loss now.
loss_weight (float): The weight of the total GHM-C loss.
"""
def __init__(self, bins=10, momentum=0, use_sigmoid=True, loss_weight=1.0):
super(GHMC, self).__init__()
self.bins = bins
self.momentum = momentum
edges = torch.arange(bins + 1).float() / bins
self.register_buffer('edges', edges)
self.edges[-1] += 1e-6
if momentum > 0:
acc_sum = torch.zeros(bins)
self.register_buffer('acc_sum', acc_sum)
self.use_sigmoid = use_sigmoid
if not self.use_sigmoid:
raise NotImplementedError
self.loss_weight = loss_weight
def forward(self, pred, target, label_weight, *args, **kwargs):
"""Calculate the GHM-C loss.
Args:
pred (float tensor of size [batch_num, class_num]):
The direct prediction of classification fc layer.
target (float tensor of size [batch_num, class_num]):
Binary class target for each sample.
label_weight (float tensor of size [batch_num, class_num]):
the value is 1 if the sample is valid and 0 if ignored.
Returns:
The gradient harmonized loss.
"""
# the target should be binary class label
if pred.dim() != target.dim():
target, label_weight = _expand_binary_labels(
target, label_weight, pred.size(-1))
target, label_weight = target.float(), label_weight.float()
edges = self.edges
mmt = self.momentum
weights = torch.zeros_like(pred)
# gradient length
# sigmoid梯度计算
g = torch.abs(pred.sigmoid().detach() - target)
# 有效的label的位置
valid = label_weight > 0
# 有效的label的数量
tot = max(valid.float().sum().item(), 1.0)
n = 0 # n valid bins
for i in range(self.bins):
# 将对应的梯度值划分到对应的bin中, 0-1
inds = (g >= edges[i]) & (g < edges[i + 1]) & valid
# 该bin中存在多少个样本
num_in_bin = inds.sum().item()
if num_in_bin > 0:
if mmt > 0:
# moment计算num bin
self.acc_sum[i] = mmt * self.acc_sum[i] \
+ (1 - mmt) * num_in_bin
# 权重等于总数/num bin
weights[inds] = tot / self.acc_sum[i]
else:
weights[inds] = tot / num_in_bin
n += 1
if n > 0:
# scale系数
weights = weights / n
loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
pred, target, weights, reduction='sum') / tot
return loss * self.loss_weight
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