1.线程池介绍
线程池是什么
基本思想还是一种对象池的思想,开辟一块内存空间,里面存放了众多(未死亡)的线程,池中线程执行调度由池管理器来处理。当有线程任务时,从池中取一个,执行完成后线程对象归池,这样可以避免反复创建线程对象所带来的性能开销,节省了系统的资源。
和线程池相关的一些问题
1.什么场景适合使用线程池,使用线程池有什么好处?
2.线程池有几种状态,它们之间又是怎么转换的?
3.线程池主要分为哪几类,有什么特点,适合什么场景。
4..线程池有哪些构造参数,分别有什么含义?
5.任务提交到线程池,经历了什么过程?
6.shutdown()和shutdownNow()方法有什么区别?
使用线程池有什么好处
线程池解决了两个不同的问题
1.通过执行大量的异步任务,避免频繁的创建和销毁线程,减少了每个任务的开销,提升了性能。
2.提供了限制和管理资源的手段,包括线程、执行任务时的消耗。
什么场景下适合使用线程池?
1.单个任务处理时间比较短
2.需要处理的任务数量很大
2.ThreadPoolExecutor
Java中的线程池是用ThreadPoolExecutor类来实现的.带着问题去看源码
一个重要的变量
private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));
ctl是一个AtomicInteger的变量,由两部分信息组成。workerCount runState
线程池的运行状态 (runState) 和线程池内有效线程的数量 (workerCount)。
为了把两部分信息包装到一个Integer类型里面,高3位保存runState,低29位保存workerCount。这样高三位就可以保存线程池的5个状态,且最大的线程数量(CAPACITY)为2^29-1.
部分重要的常量
private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;
private static final int CAPACITY = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;
// runState is stored in the high-order bits
private static final int RUNNING = -1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int SHUTDOWN = 0 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int STOP = 1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TIDYING = 2 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TERMINATED = 3 << COUNT_BITS;
线程池的5个状态。
RUNNING :能接受新提交的任务,并且也能处理阻塞队列中的任务;
SHUTDOWN:关闭状态,不接受新提交的任务,但却可以继续处理阻塞队列中已保存的任务。
STOP:不能接受新任务,也不处理队列中的任务,会中断正在处理任务的线程。
TIDYING:如果所有的任务都已终止了,有效线程数为0,线程池进入该状态后会调用 terminated() 方法进入TERMINATED 状态。
TERMINATED:在terminated() 方法执行完后进入该状态。
一些包装和拆解ctl的方法
// Packing and unpacking ctl
// 获取线程池的运行状态;
private static int runStateOf(int c) { return c & ~CAPACITY; }
// 获取线程池的活动线程数;
private static int workerCountOf(int c) { return c & CAPACITY; }
//根据运行状态和活动线程数拼装 ctl
private static int ctlOf(int rs, int wc) { return rs | wc; }
ThreadPoolExecutor构造方法
/**
* Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
* parameters.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
* pool
* @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
* the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
* will wait for new tasks before terminating.
* @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
* @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
* executed. This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
* tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
* creates a new thread
* @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
* because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
* {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
* {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
* or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
构造方法中的入参含义如下:
● corePoolSize:核心线程数量,即使是空闲的,也不会被回收。除非allowCoreThreadTimeOut被设置;
● maximumPoolSize:最大线程数量;
● unit keepAliveTime的单位;
● keepAliveTime:线程池维护线程所允许的空闲时间。如果线程池中的线程数量大于corePoolSize,那些超出的非核心线程不会立即销毁,而是会等待一定时间,直到等待的时间超过了keepAliveTime才会被销毁;
● workQueue:等待队列,当任务提交时,如果线程池中的线程数量大于等于corePoolSize的时候,把该任务放入等待队列;
● threadFactory:创建线程的工厂;
● handler:如果阻塞队列满了并且没有空闲的线程,这时如果继续提交任务,就需要采取一种策略处理该任务。
线程池提供了4种策略:
- AbortPolicy:直接抛出异常,这是默认策略;
- CallerRunsPolicy:用调用者所在的线程来执行任务;
- CallerRunsPolicy:用调用者所在的线程来执行任务;
- DiscardPolicy:直接丢弃任务;
execute方法(任务的提交)
代码如下:
public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
/*
* Proceed in 3 steps:
*
* 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
* start a new thread with the given command as its first
* task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
*
* 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
* to double-check whether we should have added a thread
* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
*
* 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
* thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
* and so reject the task.
*/
int c = ctl.get();
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
int recheck = ctl.get();
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
任务提交的流程如下:
1.如果workerCount < corePoolSize,新建核心线程,并把当前任务作为第一个任务,启动线程。
2.如果workerCount >= corePoolSize,且线程池内的阻塞队列未满,则将任务添加到该阻塞队列中;
任务添加队列成功之后,还需要做一个双重检查,因为线程池状态有可能在写入之后改变了,
2.1 如果线程池不是RUNNING状态,就会去移除任务,当任务从队列中被移除成功,则直接拒绝任务。
2.2 如果线程池是RUNNING状态,需要判断一下活跃线程数目是否为0,如果为0的话,则新建一个非核心线程。
2.3如果线程池不是RUNNING状态且任务从队列中被移除失败,也会去判断一下活跃线程数目是否为0,如果为0的话,则新建一个非核心线程。
3.如果workerCount >= corePoolSize 且 workerCount < maximumPoolSize且线程池内的阻塞队列已满,则创建非核心线程并把当前任务作为第一个任务,启动线程。
4.如果workerCount >= maximumPoolSize,并且线程池内的阻塞队列已满, 则根据拒绝策略来处理该任务, 默认的处理方式是直接抛异常。
整体的大流程还是比较清晰的,double check那块可能会有点绕,看一下流程图可能会更加清晰:
image.png
未完待续
接下来会分析下Worker类相关的东西。
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