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mysql索引的最左前缀原则

mysql索引的最左前缀原则

作者: 大龄程序员在帝都 | 来源:发表于2016-07-29 22:11 被阅读1781次

    联合索引有一个最左前缀原则,所以建立联合索引的时候,这个联合索引的字段顺序非常重要
    下面写了例子说明这个:

    CREATE TABLE `test_myisam` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      `conference_id` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
      `account` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
      `status` int(2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '0:invite,  1:cancel_invite,  2:decline,  3:connect',
      `duration` bigint(20) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
      `create_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
    ) ENGINE=myisam AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    

    以上表结构,我想通过三列进行查询 account ,status,create_time进行查询统计。
    如何建立索引?
    因为我们有可能按照acccount单独统计,或者按照account status,或者是account,status,create_time进行统计,如何建立索引???

    下面是建立索引前后的对比600万数据
    如何生成:执行如下脚本,account和日期不同还有status不同,分别生成一百万。

    
    
     CREATE  PROCEDURE `add_data_myisam_cp_27`()
        begin
        declare v_rows int(10) default 1000000;
        declare v_count int(10) default 0;
        id_loop:LOOP
        insert into test_myisam values(null,round(rand()*1000000000),'cloudp',round(rand()*3),round(rand()*100000),'2016-07-27 00:00:22');
        set v_count= v_count + 1;
        if v_count>v_rows then
        leave id_loop;
        end if;
        end loop id_loop;
        end;
    

    测试结果利用建立的索引性能提高了三倍:

    MariaDB [prf]> select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and date(create_time)='2016-07-27';
    +----------+
    | count(1) |
    +----------+
    |   167400 |
    +----------+
    1 row in set (1.28 sec)
    
    MariaDB [prf]> create index as_index on test_myisam(account,status,create_time);
    Query OK, 6000006 rows affected (31.60 sec)
    Records: 6000006  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    MariaDB [prf]> select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and date(create_time)='2016-07-27';
    +----------+
    | count(1) |
    +----------+
    |   167400 |
    +----------+
    1 row in set (0.42 sec)
    
    MariaDB [prf]> explain select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and date(create_time)='2016-07-27';
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    | id   | select_type | table       | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref         | rows   | Extra                    |
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    |    1 | SIMPLE      | test_myisam | ref  | as_index      | as_index | 308     | const,const | 520216 | Using where; Using index |
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    从1.28秒下降到0.42秒
    但是这个date(create_time)会对每一列都会转换后对比,这里会比较消耗性能;
    如何利用上索引??
    修改为:

    
    MariaDB [prf]> explain select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and date(create_time)='2016-07-27';
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    | id   | select_type | table       | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref         | rows   | Extra                    |
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    |    1 | SIMPLE      | test_myisam | ref  | as_index      | as_index | 308     | const,const | 520216 | Using where; Using index |
    +------+-------------+-------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+--------+--------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    MariaDB [prf]> select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and create_time  between '2016-07-27' and '2016-07-28';
    +----------+
    | count(1) |
    +----------+
    |   167400 |
    +----------+
    1 row in set (0.15 sec)
    
    MariaDB [prf]> explain select count(1) from test_myisam where account='cloudp' and status =3 and create_time  between '2016-07-27' and '2016-07-28';
    +------+-------------+-------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
    | id   | select_type | table       | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra                    |
    +------+-------------+-------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
    |    1 | SIMPLE      | test_myisam | range | as_index      | as_index | 312     | NULL | 174152 | Using where; Using index |
    +------+-------------+-------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    如上效率又提高了三倍,是因为扫描的数据行数减少了,最后一个create_time如果不用索引需要扫描52016行,如果使用了索引扫描174152行,命中的行数为:167400行,命中率非常高了。

    这里有个疑问:
    如果按照天进行统计,create_time作为联合索引的第一列,如何使用上这个索引呢????
    至今没有想清楚,如果这一列是date类型可以直接用上索引,如果在oracle中可以date(create_time)建立函数式索引。但是mysql貌似不支持函数式索引。

    一个解决方式是: create_time定义为 date类型,在每一列存入的时候,通过触发器自动把这一行修改为date类型。

    如果有好的注意欢迎留言探讨,目前没有好的方式加上create_time,可以从业务上解决,就是每天的统计计算完成以后,直接把数据推到历史表中,统计结果单独存放。

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