玩转Openshift中Pod调度

作者: 潘晓华Michael | 来源:发表于2018-05-21 11:17 被阅读417次
  • 大部分情况下,Openshift中的Pod只是容器的载体,通过Deployment、DaemonSet、RC、Job、Cronjob等对象来完成一组Pod的调度与自动控制功能。
    Pod调度也是由Scheduler组件完成的。
Pod调度通过Scheduler组件实现

Deployment/RC:全自动调度

Deployment/RC主要是自动部署应用的多个副本,并持续监控,以维持副本的数量。默认是使用系统Master的Scheduler经过一系列算法计算来调度,用户无法干预调度过程与结果。

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      name: nginx
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      restartPolicy: Always
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx

NodeSelector:定向调度

通过Node的标签和Pod的nodeSelector属性相匹配,可以达到将pod调度到指定的一些Node上。

oc label nodes <node-name> env=dev
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      name: nginx
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      restartPolicy: Always
nodeSelector:
    env: 'dev'  

NodeAffinity:Node亲和性调度

  • 更具表达力(不仅仅“符合全部”的简单情况)
  • 可以使用软限制、优先采用等限制方式,使得调度在无法满足优先需求的情况下,会退而示其实,继续运行Pod
  • 目前有两种亲和性表达
    • RequiredDuringSchedulingIgnoreDuringExecution
      必须满足指定的规则才可以调度Pod到Node上(与nodeSelector类似),为硬限制
    • PreferredDuringSchedulingIgnoreDuringExecution
      强调优先满足指定规则,调度器优先选择合适的Node,但不强求,为软限制。多个优先级规则还可以设置权重值,以定义执行的先后顺序
  • NodeAffinity语法支持的操作符包括In/NotIn/Exists/DoesNotExist/Gt/Lt
  • 注意事项
    • 同时定义了nodeSelector与nodeAffinity,那必须两个条件都满足,Pod才被调度到指定的Node上
    • nodeAffinity指定了多个nodeSelectorTerms,那么只需要满足其中一个就能够匹配成功就可以完成调度
    • nodeSelectorTerms中有多个matchExpressions,则一个节点必须满足所有的matchExpressions才能运行Pod
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx 
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  restartPolicy: Always
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
              - key: env
                operator: In
                values:
                  - dev
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - preference:
           weight: 1
            matchExpressions:
              - key: disk-type
                operator: In
                values:
                  - ssd

PodAffinity:Pod亲和与互斥调度策略

  • 可以根据节点上正在运行的其它Pod的标签来进行限制
  • 必须指定topologyKey:表达节点所属的topology范围
    • kubernetes.io/hostname
    • failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/zone
    • failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region
  • 注意:PodAffinity规则设置注意事项
    • 除了设置Label Selector和topologyKey,还可以指定namespaces列表来进行限制,namespaces定义与Label Selector和topologyKey同级。默认namespaces设置表示为Pod所在的namespaces,如果namespaces设置为“”则表示所有的namespaces
    • 在所有关联requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution的matchExpressions全部满足后,才将Pod调度到指定的Node上
      以下例子要求新的Pod与app=test的Pod为同一个zone,但是不与app=nginx的Pod为同一个Node
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  restartPolicy: Always
  affinity:
    podAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - topologyKey: failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/zone
          labelSelector:
            matchExpressions:
              - key: app
                operator: In
                values:
                  - test
    podAntiAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        - topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
          labelSelector:
            matchExpressions:
              - key: app
                operator: In
                values:
                  - nginx

Taints与Tolerations(污点与容忍)

  • Taints与前面的Affinity相反——它让Node拒绝Pod的运行

为node添加一个Taint,效果是NoSchedule(除了NoSchedule还可以取值PreferNoSchedule/NoExecute)。意味着除非Pod明确声明可以容忍这个Taint,否则不会被调度到该Node上。如果Pod无法容忍NoExecute的Taint,则上面已经运行的Pod会被驱逐。

oc taint nodes <node-name> key1=value1:NoSchedule
oc taint nodes <node-name> key1=value1:NoExecute
oc taint nodes <node-name> key2=value2:NoSchedule
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  restartPolicy: Always
  tolerations:
    - key: "key1"
      operator: "Exists"
      effect: "NoSchedule"
   - key: "key1"
     operatior: "Equal"
     value: "value1"
     effect: "NoExecute"
     tolerationSeconds: 3600

DaemonSet:在每个Node上调度一个Pod

  • 管理集群中每个Node上仅运行一份Pod的副本实例。
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  labels:
    component: fluentd
  name: logging-fluentd
  namespace: logging
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      component: fluentd
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        component: fluentd
      name: fluentd-elasticsearch
    spec:
      containers:
        image: docker.io/openshift/origin-logging-fluentd:latest
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: fluentd-elasticsearch
      nodeSelector:
        logging-infra-fluentd: "true"

Job:批处理调度

  • 定义批量任务(并行/串行启动多个计算进程去处理一批工作项)

  • 按照批处理任务实现方式的不同,可以分为四种模式

    • Job Template Expansion模式:一个Job对象对应一个待处理的Work item,有几个Work item就产生几个独立的Job,通常适合Work item数量少,每个Work item要处理的数据量比较大的场景。
    • Queue with Pod Per Work Item模式:采用一个任务队列存放Work item,一个Job对象作为消费者去完成这些Work item,在这种模式下,Job会启动多个Pod,每个Pod对应一个Work item
    • Queue with Variable Pod Count模式:采用一个任务队列存放Work item,一个Job对象作为消费者去完成这些Work item,Job启动的Pod数量是可变的
    • Single Job with Static Work Assignment模式:采用静态方式分配任务项
  • 按批量处理的并行问题,Job分为三类

    • Non-parallel Jobs:通常一个Job启动一个Pod,除非Pod异常才会重启Pod,一量Pod正常结束,则Job结束
    • Parallel Jobs with a fixed completion count:并行Job会启动多个Pod,需要设定Job的.sepc.completions,当正常结束的Pod数量达到该值后,Job结束。同时.spec.parallelism控制并行度,即同时启动几个Job来处理Work item
    • Parallel Jobs with a work queue:任务队列方式的并行Job,需要一个独立的Queue,Work item都在一个Queue中存放,不能设置.spec.completions参数。
kind: Job
apiVersion: batch/v1
metadata:
  name: process-itme
  labels:
    jobgroup: jobexample
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      name: jobexample
      labels:
        jobgroup: jobexample
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: c
          image: busybox
          command: ["sh", "-c", "echo jobexample && sleep 5"]
      restartPolicy: Never

Cronjob:定时任务

  • 类似Linux Cron的定时任务
  • 定时表达式:Minutes Hours DayofMonth Month DayofWeek Year
kind: CronJob
apiVersion: batch/v2alpha1
metadata:
  name: hello
spec:
  schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
  jobTemplate:
    spec:
      template:
        spec:
          containers:
            - name: hello
              image: busybox
              command: ["sh", "-c", "echo Hello && sleep 5"]
          restartPolicy: OnFailure

参考书目:《Kubernetes权威指南》

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网友评论

  • ea1818ff51d4:写的挺棒 能否授权转载?我会著名作者和出处?
    潘晓华Michael:@David_33b2 可以的,我写这个也是为了共同学习。

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