Long-lived assets

Tangible assets（例如PP&E等物理存在的）

1. Measurement model

• U.S.GAAP
  - Cost Model
• IFRS
  - Cost Model
  - Revaluation Model
• 使用revaluation model有两条原则，第一：gain -> OCI, loss -> I/S; 第二：if 逆转，必须先销原账户

2. Depreciation

折旧方法	算法
Straight-line年限平均法	( cost - residual value ) / useful life
Double-declining balance双倍余额递减（考试重点）	(2/asset life in years) * net book value at the beginning of year
units-of-production工作量法	(original cost - salvage ) * output unit in period / life in output units

Notices

1. 累计折旧不能超过原值减去残值；
2. US.GAAP的残值只能估低，不能reverse；

Intangible assets

1. 无形资产的分类

Identifiable IA (可辨认（可剥离，可单独交易））	Unidentifiable IA 只有一种，商誉（收购溢价）	Internally generated
专利、商标、著作权	商誉	R&D
Capitalized on the B/S	Capitalized on the B/S	Expensed as incurred
Amortization	Impairment	Amortization

2. Measurement model

• U.S.GAAP
  - Cost Model
• IFRS
  - Cost Model
  - Revaluation Model
• 使用revaluation model有两条原则，第一：gain -> OCI, loss -> I/S; 第二：if 逆转，必须先销原账户

3. Impairment of assets
   1. IFRS 一步判断
   • 比较carry value 和recoverable amount的值，减值为carry value减去recoverable amount；
   • recoverable amount = max(fair value to sell清算价值，value in use持续经营)
     2.GAAP 两步走
   • Carry value > 非折现现金流；
   • carry value 减去 fair value 或者 减去未来现金流的折现

Notice:

1. 对于R&D，IFRS和GAAP认为Research是费用化的；Development阶段，IFRS认为是资本化的；IFRS任务是费用化的，除非是用于软件应用；
2. Carry value = Historical Cost - Accumulated depreciation - impairment;

De-recognition of assets

1. Sale of long-lived asset
   G/L = proceed - D.N.B.V
2. Abandon of long-lived assets

• removed carry value;
• loss on I/S

3. Exchange of long-lived assets
   G/L = fair value of the old asset (or fair value of the new asset) - D.N.B.V

Investment Properties

Type	U.S.GAAP	IFRS
long-lived asset	Cost Model	Cost Model；Revaluation Model; fair value in B/S;
Investment Property	不区分investment property;使用Cost Mode	Cost Model; Fair value model; fair value in B/S;