History of Python

作者: Benfrost | 来源:发表于2022-05-26 08:22 被阅读0次

History of Python
Python之父：Python介绍
Python之父：从列表推导式到生成器表达式
Python之父：我与Python（CWI部分）
Python早期设计与开发：从ABC到Python
9. Python的类是如何运作的？
10. Python 类的句法设计
11. 怎么让方法成为第一类对象（First Class）
Python的设计理念与简要年谱
Python Features & History(keep u

A. HISTORY OF THE SOFTWARE

==========================

Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting

Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands

as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's

principal author, although it includes many contributions from others.

In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for

National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us)

in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the

software.

In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to

BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same

year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became

Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see

https://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization

created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property.

Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF.

All Python releases are Open Source (see http://www.opensource.org for

the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python

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releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes

the various releases.

Release Derived Year Owner GPL-

from compatible? (1)

0.9.0 thru 1.2 1991-1995 CWI yes

1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes

1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no

2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no

1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2)

2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no

2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes

2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes

2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes

2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes

2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes

Footnotes:

(1) GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under

the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute

a modified version without making your changes open source. The

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GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with

other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't.

(2) According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible,

because its license has a choice of law clause. According to

CNRI, however, Stallman's lawyer has told CNRI's lawyer that 1.6.1

is "not incompatible" with the GPL.

Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's

direction to make these releases possible.

B. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON

===============================================================

Python software and documentation are licensed under the

Python Software Foundation License Version 2.

Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in

the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2

and the Zero-Clause BSD license.

Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses.

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The licenses are listed with code falling under that license.

PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2

--------------------------------------------

1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation

("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and

otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and

its associated documentation.

2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby

grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,

analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,

distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,

provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,

2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Python Software Foundation;

prepared by Licensee.

3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on

or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make

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the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then

Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of

the changes made to Python.

4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"

basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND

DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS

FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT

INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON

FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS

A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,

OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material

breach of its terms and conditions.

7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any

relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and

Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF

trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote

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products or services of Licensee, or any third party.

8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee

agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License

Agreement.

BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0

-------------------------------------------

BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1

1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an

office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the

Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using

this software in source or binary form and its associated

documentation ("the Software").

2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License

Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive,

royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform

and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and

otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version,

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provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the

Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.

3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS"

basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND

DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS

FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT

INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE

SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS

AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY

DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material

breach of its terms and conditions.

6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all

respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of

law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to

create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture

between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant

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permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark

sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any

third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at

http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the

permissions granted on that web page.

7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee

agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License

Agreement.

CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1

---------------------------------------

1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National

Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive,

Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization

("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in

source or binary form and its associated documentation.

2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI

hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide

license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,

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prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1

alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's

License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)

1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights

Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative

version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License

Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the

quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and

conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with

Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following

unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This

Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet

using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013".

3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on

or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make

the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then

Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of

the changes made to Python 1.6.1.

4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS"

basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND

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DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS

FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT

INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.

5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON

1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS

A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1,

OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.

6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material

breach of its terms and conditions.

7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal

intellectual property law of the United States, including without

limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such

U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of

Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based

on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was

previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the

law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License

Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to

Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this

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License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of

agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This

License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or

trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or

services of Licensee, or any third party.

8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying,

installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be

bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.

CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2

--------------------------------------------------

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its

documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,

provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that

both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in

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supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch

Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to

distribution of the software without specific, written prior

permission.

STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO

THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND

FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE

FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES

WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN

ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT

OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any

purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH

REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY

AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,

INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM

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LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR

OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR

PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Additional Conditions for this Windows binary build

---------------------------------------------------

This program is linked with and uses Microsoft Distributable Code,

copyrighted by Microsoft Corporation. The Microsoft Distributable Code

is embedded in each .exe, .dll and .pyd file as a result of running

the code through a linker.

If you further distribute programs that include the Microsoft

Distributable Code, you must comply with the restrictions on

distribution specified by Microsoft. In particular, you must require

distributors and external end users to agree to terms that protect the

Microsoft Distributable Code at least as much as Microsoft's own

requirements for the Distributable Code. See Microsoft's documentation

(included in its developer tools and on its website at microsoft.com)

for specific details.

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Redistribution of the Windows binary build of the Python interpreter

complies with this agreement, provided that you do not:

- alter any copyright, trademark or patent notice in Microsoft's

Distributable Code;

- use Microsoft's trademarks in your programs' names or in a way that

suggests your programs come from or are endorsed by Microsoft;

- distribute Microsoft's Distributable Code to run on a platform other

than Microsoft operating systems, run-time technologies or application

platforms; or

- include Microsoft Distributable Code in malicious, deceptive or

unlawful programs.

These restrictions apply only to the Microsoft Distributable Code as

defined above, not to Python itself or any programs running on the

Python interpreter. The redistribution of the Python interpreter and

libraries is governed by the Python Software License included with this

file, or by other licenses as marked.

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------

This program, "bzip2", the associated library "libbzip2", and all

rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must

not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this

software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product

documentation would be appreciated but is not required.

3. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must

not be misrepresented as being the original software.

4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote

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products derived from this software without specific prior written

permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS

OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY

DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE

GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS

INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,

WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING

NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS

SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Julian Seward, jseward@acm.org

bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.8 of 13 July 2019

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

LICENSE ISSUES

==============

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The OpenSSL toolkit stays under a double license, i.e. both the conditions of

the OpenSSL License and the original SSLeay license apply to the toolkit.

See below for the actual license texts.

OpenSSL License

---------------

/* ====================================================================

* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

* are met:

* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in

* the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

* distribution.

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* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this

* software must display the following acknowledgment:

* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project

* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"

* 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to

* endorse or promote products derived from this software without

* prior written permission. For written permission, please contact

* openssl-core@openssl.org.

* 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"

* nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written

* permission of the OpenSSL Project.

* 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following

* acknowledgment:

* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project

* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"

* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY

* EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE

* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR

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* ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT

* NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;

* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)

* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,

* STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)

* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED

* OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

* ====================================================================

* This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young

* (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim

* Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).

Original SSLeay License

-----------------------

* This package is an SSL implementation written

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* by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).

* The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.

* This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as

* the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions

* apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,

* lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation

* included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms

* except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).

* Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in

* the code are not to be removed.

* If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution

* as the author of the parts of the library used.

* This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or

* in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.

* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

* are met:

* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright

* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

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* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the

* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software

* must display the following acknowledgement:

* "This product includes cryptographic software written by

* Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"

* The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library

* being used are not cryptographic related :-).

* 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from

* the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:

* "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"

* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND

* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE

* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE

* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL

* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS

* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)

* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT

* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY

* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF

* SUCH DAMAGE.

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* The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or

* derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be

* copied and put under another distribution licence

* [including the GNU Public Licence.]

See source files for details.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining

a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the

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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,

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terms specified in this license.

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Corporation, Apple Inc. and other parties. The following terms apply to

all files associated with the software unless explicitly disclaimed in