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循序渐进实现Promise

循序渐进实现Promise

作者: zhouqichao | 来源:发表于2021-05-30 20:05 被阅读0次

    使用JavaScript循序渐进实现一个简单的Promise,支持异步和then链式调用。
    翻译并整理自Medium: Implementing a simple Promise in Javascript - by Zhi Sun

    前言

    在前端面试和日常开发中,经常会接触到Promise。并且在现如今的很多面试中,也会经常被要求手写Promise。

    接下来,将使用JavaScript循序渐进实现一个简单的Promise,支持异步和then链式调用。

    分析Promise

    Promise对象用于表示一个异步操作的最终完成 (或失败)及其结果值,常用来实现异步操作。

    Promise状态

    Promise有三种状态:

    • pending

      初始状态

    • fulfilled

      执行成功后的状态

    • rejected

      执行失败后的状态

    Promise状态只能由pending改变为fulfilled或者由pending改变为rejected,Promise状态改变的这一过程被称为settled,并且,状态一旦改变,后续就不会再次被改变。

    Promise构造函数中的参数

    Promise构造函数接收一个函数参数executor,该函数接收两个参数:

    • resolve
    • reject

    执行resolve会将Promise状态由pending改变为fulfilled,并触发then方法中的成功回调函数onFulfilled

    执行reject会将Promise状态由pending改变为rejected,并触发then方法中的失败回调函数onRejected

    then方法中的回调函数参数

    then方法接收两个参数:

    • onFulfilled

      成功回调函数,接收一个参数,即resolve函数中传入的值

    • onRejected

      失败回调函数,接收一个参数,即reject函数中传入的值

    如果Promise状态变为fulfilled,就会执行成功回调函数onFulfilled;如果Promise状态变为rejected,就会执行失败回调函数onRejected

    实现Promise

    基础Promise

    首先,constructor接收一个函数executor,该函数又接收两个参数,分别是resolvereject函数。

    因此,需要在constructor中创建resolvereject函数,并传入executor函数中。

    class MyPromise {
      constructor(executor) {
        const resolve = (value) => {};
    
        const reject = (reason) => {};
    
        try {
          executor(resolve, reject);
        } catch (err) {
          reject(err);
        }
      }
    }
    

    其次,Promise会根据状态,执行对应的回调函数。最开始的状态为pending,当resolve时,状态由pending变为fulfilled;当reject时,状态由pending变为rejected。并且,一旦状态变更后,就不会再次变更。

    class MyPromise {
      constructor(executor) {
        this.state = 'pending';
    
        const resolve = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'fulfilled';
          }
        };
    
        const reject = (reason) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'rejected';
          }
        };
    
        try {
          executor(resolve, reject);
        } catch (err) {
          reject(err);
        }
      }
    }
    

    Promise状态变更后,会触发then方法中对应的回调函数。如果状态由pending变为fulfilled,则会触发成功回调函数,如果状态由pending变为rejected,则会触发失败回调函数。

    class MyPromise {
      constructor(executor) {
        this.state = 'pending';
        this.value = null;
    
        const resolve = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'fulfilled';
            this.value = value;
          }
        };
    
        const reject = (reason) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'rejected';
            this.value = reason;
          }
        };
    
        try {
          executor(resolve, reject);
        } catch (err) {
          reject(err);
        }
      }
    
      then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
        if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
          onFulfilled(this.value);
        }
    
        if (this.state === 'rejected') {
          onRejected(this.value);
        }
      }
    }
    

    接下来可以写点测试代码测试一下功能

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => resolve('resolved'));
    p1.then(
      (res) => console.log(res), // resolved
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    
    const p2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => reject('rejected'));
    p2.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err) // rejected
    );
    

    但是,如果用以下代码测试,会发现什么也没有输出。

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    p1.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    
    const p2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => reject('rejected'), 1000);
    });
    
    p2.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    

    这是因为在调用then方法时,Promise仍处于pending状态。onFulfilledonRejected回调函数都没有被执行。

    因此,接下来需要支持异步。

    支持异步的Promise

    为了支持异步,需要先保存onFulfilledonRejected回调函数,一旦Promise状态变化,立刻执行对应的回调函数。

    ⚠:这里有个细节需要注意,即onFulfilledCallbacksonRejectedCallbacks是数组,因为Promise可能会被调用多次,因此会存在多个回调函数。

    class MyPromise {
      constructor(executor) {
        this.state = 'pending';
        this.value = null;
        this.onFulfilledCallbacks = [];
        this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    
        const resolve = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'fulfilled';
            this.value = value;
    
            this.onFulfilledCallbacks.forEach((fn) => fn(value));
          }
        };
    
        const reject = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'rejected';
            this.value = value;
    
            this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach((fn) => fn(value));
          }
        };
    
        try {
          executor(resolve, reject);
        } catch (err) {
          reject(err);
        }
      }
    
      then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
        if (this.state === 'pending') {
          this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(onFulfilled);
          this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(onRejected);
        }
    
        if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
          onFulfilled(this.value);
        }
    
        if (this.state === 'rejected') {
          onRejected(this.value);
        }
      }
    }
    

    接下来可以用之前的测试代码测试一下功能

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    p1.then(
      (res) => console.log(res), // resolved
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    
    const p2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => reject('rejected'), 1000);
    });
    
    p2.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err) // rejected
    );
    

    但是如果用以下代码测试,会发现报错了。

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    p1.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err)
    ).then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err)
    ); // Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'then' of undefined
    

    这是因为第一个then方法并没有返回任何值,然而却又连续调用了then方法。

    因此,接下来需要实现then链式调用。

    支持then链式调用的Promise

    要想支持then链式调用,then方法需要返回一个新的Promise。

    因此,需要改造一下then方法,返回一个新的Promise,等上一个Promise的onFulfilledonRejected回调函数执行完成后,再执行新的Promise的resolvereject函数。

    class MyPromise {
      then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
        return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
                resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
    
            this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
                reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
            try {
              const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
              resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'rejected') {
            try {
              const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
              reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
        });
      }
    }
    

    接下来可以用以下代码测试一下功能

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    p1.then(
      (res) => {
        console.log(res); // resolved
        return res;
      },
      (err) => console.log(err)
    ).then(
      (res) => console.log(res), // resolved
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    
    const p2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => reject('rejected'), 1000);
    });
    
    p2.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => {
        console.log(err); // rejected
        throw new Error('rejected');
      }
    ).then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err) // Error: rejected
    );
    

    但是,如果改用以下代码测试,会发现第二个then方法中的成功回调函数并没有按预期输出(‘resolved’),而是输出了上一个then方法的onFulfilled回调函数中返回的Promise。

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    p1.then(
      (res) => {
        console.log(res); // resolved
            return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
          setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
        })
      },
      (err) => console.log(err)
    ).then(
      (res) => console.log(res), // MyPromise {state: "pending"}
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    

    这是因为onFulfilled/onRejected回调函数执行完之后,只是简单的将onFulfilled/onRejected执行完返回的值传入resolve/reject函数中执行,并没有考虑onFulfilled/onRejected执行完会返回一个新的Promise这种情况,所以第二次then方法的成功回调函数中直接输出了上一次then方法的成功回调函数中返回的Promise。因此,接下来需要解决这个问题。

    首先,可以将以上测试代码改成另一种写法,方便梳理思路。

    const p1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
    });
    
    const p2 = p1.then(
      (res) => {
        console.log(res);
        const p3 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
          setTimeout(() => resolve('resolved'), 1000);
        });
    
        return p3;
      },
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    
    p2.then(
      (res) => console.log(res),
      (err) => console.log(err)
    );
    

    可以看到,一共有三个Promise:

    • 第一个Promise

      即通过new构造出来的p1

    • 第二个Promise

      即通过调用then方法返回的p2

    • 第三个Promise

      即在p1.then方法的成功回调函数参数中返回的p3

    现在的问题是,调用p2的then方法时,p3还处于pending状态。

    要想实现p2.then方法中的回调函数能正确输出p3中resolve/reject之后的值,需要先等p3状态变化后再将变化后的值传入p2中的resolve/reject中即可。换句话说,三个Promise状态变化的先后顺序应该是p1 --> p3 --> p2。

    class MyPromise {
      then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
        return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
    
                if (fulfilledFromLastPromise instanceof MyPromise) {
                  fulfilledFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
                } else {
                  resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
                }
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
    
            this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
    
                if (rejectedFromLastPromise instanceof MyPromise) {
                  rejectedFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
                } else {
                  reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
                }
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
            try {
              const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
    
              if (fulfilledFromLastPromise instanceof MyPromise) {
                fulfilledFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
              } else {
                resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
              }
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'rejected') {
            try {
              const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
    
              if (rejectedFromLastPromise instanceof MyPromise) {
                rejectedFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
              } else {
                reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
              }
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
        });
      }
    }
    

    最终版Promise

    最后,一个简单的Promise就完成了,支持异步和then链式调用。完整代码如下:

    class MyPromise {
      constructor(executor) {
        this.state = 'pending';
        this.value = null;
        this.onFulfilledCallbacks = [];
        this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    
        const resolve = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'fulfilled';
            this.value = value;
            this.onFulfilledCallbacks.forEach((fn) => fn(value));
          }
        };
    
        const reject = (value) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.state = 'rejected';
            this.value = value;
            this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach((fn) => fn(value));
          }
        };
    
        try {
          executor(resolve, reject);
        } catch (err) {
          reject(err);
        }
      }
    
      then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
          if (this.state === 'pending') {
            this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
                if (fulfilledFromLastPromise instanceof Promise) {
                  fulfilledFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
                } else {
                  resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
                }
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
            this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
              try {
                const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
                if (rejectedFromLastPromise instanceof Promise) {
                  rejectedFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
                } else {
                  reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
                }
              } catch (err) {
                reject(err);
              }
            });
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
            try {
              const fulfilledFromLastPromise = onFulfilled(this.value);
              if (fulfilledFromLastPromise instanceof Promise) {
                fulfilledFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
              } else {
                resolve(fulfilledFromLastPromise);
              }
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
    
          if (this.state === 'rejected') {
            try {
              const rejectedFromLastPromise = onRejected(this.value);
              if (rejectedFromLastPromise instanceof Promise) {
                rejectedFromLastPromise.then(resolve, reject);
              } else {
                reject(rejectedFromLastPromise);
              }
            } catch (err) {
              reject(err);
            }
          }
        });
      }
    }
    

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