由龍——专注于中华民族龍纹研究
蟠龙藻井——中国古建绝学,造就出穹顶之魂,藻井是常见于汉族宫殿,坛庙建筑中的室内顶棚的独特装饰部分。一般做成向上隆起的井状,有方形、多边形或圆形凹面,周围饰以各种花藻井纹、雕刻和彩绘。多用在宫殿、寺庙中的宝座、佛坛上方最重要部位。龙乃中华民族图腾,蟠龙藻井为藻井最高等级,故多为皇家宫殿所用,以显地位之尊贵。
据《风俗通》记载:“今殿作天井。井者,东井之像也。菱,水中之物。皆所以厌火也。”东井即井宿,二十八宿中的一宿,古人认为是主水的,在殿堂、楼阁最高处作井,同时装饰以荷、菱、莲等藻类水生植物,都是希望能借以压伏火魔的作祟,以护祐建筑物的安全。
故宫的藻井现存的有21座(除去建福宫复建部分),除了南薰殿藻井为明代遗构外,其余皆为清代所制。故宫中的藻井基本上用于三类地方,一为宗教建筑的佛像之上,二为皇帝正间宝座之上,三为室外戏台。
当人们被紫禁城中数不胜数的宏伟宫殿、雕栏画柱所吸引时,可能忽略了凝聚在屋顶上的华美符号——藻井。藻井,这个在古人看来具有一种“从人间通向天庭” 的象征意义的建筑装饰一直被专业人士所关注,它所蕴涵的深厚的中国传统思想,更为中国古代建筑增添了无穷的意味。藻井的造型上圆下方,正符合中国古代“天圆地方”的宇宙观。因此,藻井就有了象征“天”的意味,就像西方教堂建筑中的穹窿顶代表上苍一样,中国建筑内的藻井也是就表天体的缩影。藻井是中国封建等级制度的标志,只有在最尊贵的建筑中才能使用蟠龙藻井,象征着封建社会等级尊卑。主要分布在皇家宫殿(故宫)、敕建敕封寺庙、陵寝碑亭。一般位于室内佛像、君主座位的上方,呈伞盖形,由细密的斗拱承托,象征天宇的崇高,藻井上一般都有彩画、浮雕。
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