Argument: O. J. Simpson murdered Nicole Brown Simpson. (Comment:The principle requires us to say he either did or he didn’t. But what if he hired someone else to murder her? Wouldn’t he then have murdered her yet not murdered her? Yes, but not “in the same way.” He would have murdered her in the sense of being responsible for the act but not in the sense of having carried it out.)
Argument: Buster weighs 198 pounds. (Comment: He weighs either 198 pounds or some other weight. It can’t be both ways. But what if he was cramming a Twinkie in his mouth while you were uttering that statement and he gained a tenth of an ounce when he swallowed? Then we’d have to say that at one instant he weighed 198 pounds and the next instant he weighed slightly more.)
Argument: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an Olympic athlete who later became president of the United States. (Comment: This seems to challenge the principle of contradiction because the statement is only partly true—he was never an Olympic athlete. Yet if we examine the statement closely, we see that it is really two statements fused together, one of them false and the other true.)
论证:O. J.辛普森谋杀了妮科尔布朗辛普森。(评论:这个理论需要我们讨论他也做过还是没做过。但是如果他雇佣了一个人一起谋杀她呢?他会不会杀了她又没杀?是的,但不是“用同样的方式。”从对行为负责的意义上来说他杀了她,但是从实施的意义来说他没做。)
论证:巴斯特重198磅。(评论:他重198磅还是其他重量。不能是两者皆是。但是如果他在你讨论这个论述时嘴里塞满温思琪小蛋糕并且当他吞咽后增加了十分之一盎司体重呢?之后我们必须说他在某个瞬间重198磅,在下一个瞬间他更重。)
论证:富兰克林·D·罗斯福是一个后来尘给美国总统的奥林匹克运动员。(评论:这样说仿佛挑战了矛盾的原则因为这个陈述只有部分正确——他从来不是奥林匹克运动员。但是如果我们更加自信考察这个陈述,我们将看到这两个理论真正交融在一起,一个是错的另一个是对的。)
网友评论