原文

Passage 1
文章1

Questions I to 5 are based on the following passage：
我对5个问题的回答是基于以下段落:

Advertisement can be thought of “as the means of making known in order to buy or sell goods or services”. Advertisement aims to increase people’s awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and to persuade. The media are all used to spread the message. The press offers a fairly cheap method, and magazines are used to reach special sections of the market. The cinema and commercial radio are useful for local market. Television, although more expensive, can be very effective. Public notices are fairly cheap and more permanent in their power of attraction. Other ways of increasing consumer interest are through exhibitions and trade fairs as well as direct mail advertisement.
广告可以被认为是“为了购买或销售商品或服务而出名的手段”。广告的目的是提高人们的意识，激发人们的兴趣。它试图告知和说服。媒体都是用来传播信息的。媒体提供了一种相当便宜的方法，杂志被用来达到市场的特殊部分。电影和商业广播对当地市场很有帮助。电视虽然更贵，但却非常有效。公众的注意是相当便宜的，而且在吸引力方面更持久。其他增加消费者兴趣的方式是通过展览和交易会，以及直接邮寄广告。

There can be no doubt that the growth in advertisement is one of the most striking features of the western world in this century. Many businesses such as those handling frozen foods, liquor, tobacco and medicines have been built up largely by advertisement.
毫无疑问，广告的增长是本世纪西方世界最引人注目的特征之一。许多企业，例如那些处理冷冻食品、酒类、烟草和药品的企业，大多是通过广告来建立的。

We might ask whether the cost of advertisement is paid for by the producer or by the customer. Since advertisement forms part of the cost of production, which has to be covered by the selling price, it is clear that it is the customer who pays for advertisement. However, if large scale advertisement leads to increased demand, production costs are reduced, and the customer pays less.
我们可能会问，广告的成本是由生产者还是由客户支付的。由于广告是生产成本的一部分，必须由销售价格来承担，很明显，是消费者为广告买单。然而，如果大规模的广告导致需求增加，生产成本就会降低，而顾客的收入就会减少。

It is difficult to measure exactly the influence of advertisement on sales. When the market is growing, advertisement helps to increase demand. When the market is shrinking, advertisement may prevent a bigger fall in sales than would occur without its support. What is clear is that businesses would not pay large sums for advertisement if they were not convinced of its value to them.
很难准确地衡量广告对销售的影响。当市场在增长时，广告有助于增加需求。当市场萎缩时，广告可能会阻止销售额的大幅下降，而没有它的支持。很明显的是，如果企业不相信自己的价值，企业就不会花大价钱购买广告。

Passage 2
文章2

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words.
人类最初是如何学会造词的，这是不为人知的;换句话说，语言的起源是一个谜。我们真的知道男人,与动物不同,不知何故发明了某些声音来表达思想和情感,行动和事情,这样他们可以相互通信;后来他们同意某些迹象,叫做信件,这可能代表这些声音相结合,并写下来。这些声音，无论是说的，还是用我们称之为单词的字母写的。

The power of words, then, lies in their combinations — the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
语言的力量，就在于它们的组合——它们在我们头脑中产生的东西。的话成为我们充满意义的经验,和我们生活的时间越长,越多的某些词语回忆我们过去的高兴和悲伤的事件;我们阅读和学习越多,越对我们意义的单词数量增加。

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts, but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (文字的) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.
伟大的作家不仅有伟大的思想，而且用能强烈吸引我们的思想和情感的语言表达这些思想。这个迷人的,告诉使用的单词就是我们所说的文学(文字的)风格。最重要的是，真正的诗人是语言大师。他可以用像音乐一样的词来表达他的意思，而通过他们的位置和联想可以使人感动落泪。因此，我们应该学会谨慎地选择我们的用词，并准确地使用它们，否则它们将使我们的演讲愚蠢而无礼。

Passage 3
文章3

Most people have had a dog or wanted one as their companion at some time in their lives. If you are thinking of buying a dog, however, you should first decide what sort of companion you need and whether the dog is likely to be happy in the surroundings you can provide. Specialists’ advice is useful to help you choose the most suitable kind of dog.
大多数人在他们的一生中都有过一只狗或者想要一只狗作为他们的伴侣。然而，如果你想买一只狗，你应该首先决定你需要什么样的伴侣，以及狗在你所能提供的环境中是否快乐。专家的建议对于帮助你选择最合适的狗是有用的。

But in part the decision depends on common sense. Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks. So, if you want a dog to protect you or your house, for example, you should choose the one that has the right size and characteristics. You must also be ready to devote a great deal of time to training the dog when it is young and give it the exercise it needs throughout its life, unless you live in the countryside and can let it run freely. Dogs are demanding pets. Cats love the house and so are satisfactory with their place where there is secure, but a dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection .
但在某种程度上，这一决定取决于常识。不同的狗最初是为了执行特定的任务而开发的。所以，如果你想要一只狗来保护你或者你的房子，你应该选择一个有合适尺寸和特征的狗。你还必须准备花大量的时间来训练狗年轻时和给它所需要的运动终其一生,除非你住在乡下,可以让它自由运行。狗在要求宠物。猫喜欢这所房子，所以对它们的安全有满意的地方，但是狗对主人忠诚，因此想要他证明他的爱。

The best time to buy a baby dog is when it is between 6 and 8 weeks old so that it can transfer its love for its mother to its master. If baby dogs have not established a relationship with the human being until they are over three months old, their strong relationship will always be with dogs. They are likely to be too shy when they are brought out into the world to become good pets.
买一只小狗的最好时间是在6到8周大的时候，这样它就可以把它的爱传递给它的主人。如果幼狗直到三个月大的时候还没有和人类建立起关系，它们之间的牢固关系将永远和狗在一起。当他们被带到世界上成为好宠物时，他们可能太害羞了。