一、定语从句的构成部分
先行词 [ 名词（短语） ] + 引导词 + 分句
Her favorite celebrity is Ma Long who is good at playing table tennis.
【翻译】她最喜欢的明星是马龙，他擅长打乒乓球。
在上述例句中语法分析如下：
先行词：Ma Long 即定语从句所要修饰的名词（即的后面的名词）
引导词：who
分句： is good at playing table tennis
二、定语从句的引导词
1、引导词分类方法一：按照所修饰的先行词，分为 5 类（共8个引导词）：
1 ）先行词是人，引导词： that ，who ，whom ，whose；
2 ）先行词是物，引导词： that ，which ，whose；
3 ）先行词是时间，引导词： that ，which ，when；
4 ）先行词是地点，引导词： that ，which ，where；
5 ）先行词是原因，引导词： that ，which ，why。
★ 到底是谁决定了定语从句引导词的用法？
答：①先行词，②引导词在从句中能够充当的成分，共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。
举例：
① Tiechui is the millionaire___________ falls in love with Dayan.
【解析】第一步：先行词是人，引导词有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：从句缺主语，所以填who。whom只能作宾语，who即可以作主语，又可以作宾语，whose是形容词，不能作主语。
② Tiechui is the millionaire___________ Dayan falls in love with.
【解析】第一步：先行词是人，引导词有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：从句缺宾语，填who/whom，
③ Tiechui is the millionaire ___________ father is impoverished.
【解析】第一步：先行词是人，引导词有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：whose修饰father，所以填whose。
④ My husband might never forget the days _____ he fell in love with his old flame.
【解析】第一步：先行词是时间the days，引导词有：that ，which ，when；（一般情况下，that=which）；第二步：从句很完整，主谓宾都不缺，代词that需要充当成分，所以填when（副词不能充当任何主谓宾）；
⑤ My husband might never forget the days______ they spent.
【解析】第一步：先行词是时间the days，引导词有：that ，which ，when；第二步：从句缺宾语，代词that需要充当成分，所以填代词that。
⑥ I enjoy staying in the village ____ i was born.
【解析】第一步：先行词是地点the village ，引导词有：that ，which ，where；第二步：从句很完整，主谓宾都不缺，所以填where。
⑦ I enjoy staying in the village ______ looks poor.
【解析】第一步：先行词是地点the village ，引导词有：that ，which ，where；第二步：从句缺主语，代词that需要充当成分，所以填代词that。
以上分类方法是确认第一步，优点是缩小了选择的范围，缺点是三选一依然得不出正确答案。确认第二步的分类法如下↓
2、引导词分类方法二：按引导词本身的词性分类，分为三类：
1 ）代词： who，whom，that，which；（在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分，即从句缺主干时填代词）
2 ）副词： where，when，why；（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）
3 ）形容词 ：whose。（在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词）
延伸：在名词性从句中，that 只是一个引导词（不充当成分）；在定语从句中，that 即是一个引导词，也是一个代词（一定要充当成分）。
练习：
① 小心！不要靠近这所房子，房顶正在修理。
Watch out！Don’t get too close to the house________roof is under repair.
【解析】 先行词是物 house，引导词可选的有 which/that 或者 whose ; 答案是 whose
② 我们生活在一个事物飞速变化的时代。
We are living in an age________everything is changing rapidly.
【解析】 先行词是时间 age，引导词可选的有 which/that 或者 when。关键看从句是否缺主干成分，change 为不及物动词，并且从句句意完整，不缺主语、宾语或表语，所以答案是 when。
③ 我认为大雁能帮助你学好英语。
I think Dayan is the student________can help you to improve your English.
【解析】 先行词是人 student，且从句缺少主语，所以答案填 that/who。
④ 我写信给你的原因是想跟你道歉。
The reason________I’m writing to you is to express my apologies.
【解析】 先行词为表示原因的 reason，从句中主谓宾俱全，不缺主干成分，缺少的是状语，所以只能填关系副词 why。
⑤ 想参加比赛的同学请在这里写上你的名字。
Those________want to participate in the competition please write down your names here.
【解析】先行词是 Those 指人，并在从句中做主语，关系代词通常使用 who。
⑥ 在北京生活了 60 年以后她回到了她儿时的故乡。
After living in Beijing for sixty years she returned to the small town________she grew up as a child.
【解析】 先行词是地点 town，且从句不缺少主干成分，缺地点状语，所以引导词填 where。
⑦ 我用手表换来的手机丢了。
The phone ________ I exchanged with my watch, was lost.
【解析】先行词是物 phone，且从句缺少宾语，所以引导词填 that。
⑧ 这个老人在他儿子到的那天去世了。
The old lady passed away on the day ________ her son arrived.
【解析】 先行词是时间 the day ，引导词可选的有 which/that 或者 when，关键看从句是否缺主干成分，arrived 为不及物动词，并且从句主干为主谓结构，句意完整，所以答案是 when。
⑨ 我喜欢家里有钱的男生。
I love boys________ families are wealthy.
【解析】先行词是人 boys，从句不缺主谓宾，填whose。
三、 定语从句的先行词
1、先行词的难点——如何寻找先行词
先看一个考研完形填空题目：
The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener_______interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.
A. who B. as C. which D. what
【解析】先行词是 unfavorable reactions，是物，所以填which 。
2、 识别先行词
练习找先行词
1. He was accepted by Harvard University, which made his parents excited.
【翻译】他被哈佛大学录取了，这让他父母很兴奋。
【解析】此句的先行词是which前面的整个句子。
2. I came across a lady in a shopping mall whose daughter looked strikingly cute with yellow curly hair.
【翻译】我在购物中心遇到一位女士，她的女儿长着一头金黄色的卷发，看起来非常可爱。
【解析】此句的先行词是 a lady。
3. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.
【翻译】加利福尼亚州的计划预计明年由州长敲定，该计划应该可以成为一个范例。
【解析】先行词是 California’s plan。
4. While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
【翻译】虽然这很可能是真的，但研究人员最近还发现，与陌生人互动实际上会带来我们意想不到的情绪提升和归属感。
【解析】先行词是 that前面的两个名词性短语：a boost in mood，feelings of belonging
5. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
【翻译】在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功：这些集团将相互关联的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社集合在一起。
【解析】先行词是 groups ，television, radio, newspapers, magazines ，publishing houses
6. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【翻译】希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们认识 到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。
【解析】先行词是 which 前面的that从句，
7. Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.
【翻译】制定出一个面向外国农业工人的更易办理的新签证，允许他们在美国停留更长时间并在农业范围内换工作的努力被国会阻止了。
8. Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
【翻译】戴维森的文章是最近出现的一些文章之一，这些文章表明，我们今天居高不下的失业率和不断下降的中产阶级收入的原因也是由于全球化和信息技术革命的进展，它们比以往任何时候都更快地用机器或外国工人取代劳动力。
小结：
定语从句的先行词：
①最可能是引导词前面的名词（占90%）；（如上例3）
②还可能是引导词前面的几个名词；（如上例5）
③还可能是引导词前面的从句；（如上例6）
④还可能是引导词前面的整个句子；（如上例1）
⑤先行词和引导词之间被一些单词隔开了。（如上例2）
四、定语从句的特殊用法
（一）限制性和非限制性定语从句
举例：
① I have a brother who is a doctor.
【翻译】我有一个当医生的弟弟。
② I have a brother, who is a doctor.
【翻译】我有一个弟弟，他是当医生的。
③ People who eat healthy live longer.
【翻译】健康饮食的人活得更长。
④ Tiechui' s daughter, who is in Beijing now, will come back home next week.
【翻译】铁锤的女儿，现在在北京，下周回家。
小结
1、 限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别:
2、非限制性定语从句的引导词
举例：
① Forrest Gump, whom I have learned a lot from, is a brave man.
【翻译】 阿甘是一个勇敢的男人，我从他身上学到了很多。
② He said he had finished all his homework, which I doubted very much.
【翻译】他说他完成了所有作业，我对此表示十分怀疑。
③ My teacher, who is very optimistic, says that we will all pass the exam.
【翻译】我的老师非常乐观，他说我们都会通过考试的。
3、非限制性定语从句的翻译方法
两种处理方式：
（1）第一：先行词为名词，非限制定从可以选择顺译，译成单独的一句话；
第一种方法举例：
① John' s laughter,which was very infectious, broke the silence.
【翻译】约翰的笑声，非常有感染力，打破了沉默。
② The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.
【翻译】那个太阳，躲了一天了，现在又冲出云层光芒万丈了。
③ Tiechui's father, who is over 60, still works hard day and night.
【翻译】铁锤的爸爸，年过六旬，依然没日没夜努力工作。
④ France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.
【翻译】法国，一直以全球时尚革新者的身份自居，但现在它认为，其时尚行业已失去定义女士形体美的绝对权利。
（2） 第二：如果定语从句是对前面句子进行补充说明，并且引导词充当从句主语时，常常翻译成“这；它；那”；充当其他成分时，则要根据汉语的语言习惯来翻译。
第二种方法举例：
① Luyao was a great writer born in Shaanxi province, which is known to us all.
【翻译】路遥是一个伟大的作家，出生在陕西省，这是众所周知的。
② She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.
【翻译】她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
③ This book, which you can get at any bookshop,will give you all the information you need．
【翻译】这本书会给你提供所有你需要的信息，它在任何一家书店都能买到。
④ He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
【翻译】他帮助普及了一种观点，即某些以前被认为不是由细菌导致的疾病实际上也是传染病，这一观点在首次提出时就引起了很多争议。
（二）that 省略的情况
1、 that 引导的定语从句，如果在从句中充当的是宾语，可以省略，充当主语不可以省略。
举例：I enjoy the movie we saw yesterday.
【解析】在名词 movie 和 we saw 之间就省略了 that，we saw yesterday 缺宾语。
加上为：I enjoy the movie that we saw yesterday.
2、分析长难句的时候，见到两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中间没有被任何标点符号或连词隔开，通常都是省略了that 的定语从句。
举例：
① The climate change（that）we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
【翻译】有朝一日，我们正在加剧的气候变化会使得森林的碳排放量超过其吸收量。
【解析】change 名词、we 代词之间省略了that。
② Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.
【翻译】只是最近他们才开始意识到森林在储存碳方面必须起到重要作用。
③ The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities（that）we can envisage.
【翻译】当今技术的发展趋势及社会影响非常复杂，也许最好的是留给科幻作家和未来学家们去探索我们所能想象到的许多可能性。
【解析】possibilities 名词、we 代词之间省略了that。
④ A young man can decide on a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to arrange the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection, but a girl may veto the spouse（that） her parents have chosen.
【翻译】年轻男士可以自己决定可能的配偶，然后要求父母安排婚姻的协商事宜；或者父母也可能为儿子选择配偶，在选择中不给孩子说话的余地；但是女方却可以拒绝父母为他们所选择的对象。见到有两个名词或代词直接放到一起，还有一种情况：
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking about moral problems.
【解析】spouse 名词、her 代词之间省略了that。
（三）as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句
1、相同点：
这两个单词都可以引导非限制性定语从句，并且 as 也只能引导非限制行定语从句，而 which却可以引导限制性定语从句。
2、不同点：
1）as 引导非限制性定语从句，位置比较灵活，可以放在主句的前面、主谓之间、或主句的后面，此处的 as 翻译为“正如”； which 引导的定语从句只能放在所修饰的词或句子的后面。
举例：
① As is known to us all known, without efforts nothing can be achieved.
② Without efforts nothing can be achieved, which is known to us all.
【翻译】 众所周知，不努力就会一事无成。
2）紧跟在引导词 as 后的动词是 be 动词；而引导词 which 后面可以跟任何类型的动词。
举例：
① As is known to all, China is a peace-loving country.
【翻译】众所周知，中国是一个爱好和平的国家。
② Tiechui was late, which made Mrs. Liu very angry.
【翻译】铁锤迟到了，这使刘老师很生气。
小结：
as只能引导非限制性定语从句，which引导限制非限制都可以。它们可以完全互换的时候是which后面必须是be动词，否则不可以换。换成as，位置很灵活，随便放。
（四）固定搭配 the same... as 和 the same... that 引导的定语从句
举例：
① This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
【翻译】这本书和我昨天丢的那本很像。（很像，表示不是同一本）
② This is the same book that I lost yesterday.
【翻译】这正是我昨天丢的那本书。（正是，表示是同一本）
③ She has the same blue eyes as her mother had.
【翻译】她和她母亲有着同样蓝色眼睛。（这里表示她和她母亲长得像）
④ Is this man in the TV show the same (one) that did the internship with me before ?
【翻译】电视上的这个人是不是过去和我一块实习过？（the same... that 是同一个人）
（五）先行词是人时，that 和 who 的区别仅作了解
（六）定语从句中引导词 which 和 that 的区别仅作了解
（七）“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句仅作了解
（八）真题长难句分析
① Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.
【翻译】鉴于电子货币的优势，你也许会认为，我们将快速步入无现金社会，所有支付都将电子化。
②The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
【翻译】反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众媒体同步出现，而随之兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅是一个理想，而且是一种意识形态。
③ High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
【翻译】高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，也削弱了在缓慢增长时期和平稳增长时期师生进入学者团体的形式和过程。
④ What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.
【翻译】我们所需要的是一种行为技术，但是可能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓慢。
⑤ They are the possessions of the autonomous(self－governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
【翻译】它们是传统理论定义的自主（自治）人所拥有的，是实践中必不可少的，在这些实践活动中，一个人必须对他们的行为负责，取得成绩时他也会被认可。
⑥ Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
【翻译】而且，人们有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
小结：先行词和引导词之间有介词的话，人不用who，只能用whom，物不能用that，只能用which。写作别搞这一出，翻译长难句注意。
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