and有两处用法容易被忽略,或者容易引起混淆,一般语法书上很少提极,但其实应用非常广泛。
1. 用作功能词,特别是用于表示在同一种分类或者类型内部的连接关系或加法关系——即用于连接同一语法层级或功能的句子元素。
这种用法比较常风,也容易理解,例如:
(1) Two and two makes four. 或 two and two equals four.
2加2等于4。(表示加法)
(2) He finished and went to bed.
他说完就上床睡觉了。(表示先后的动作,但句子成分是并列关系。)
(3) The process of oxidation in human body gives off heat slowly and regularly。
人体内氧化的过程缓慢而有规律地释放热量。(and连接两个副词)
(4) If a body is acted upon by a number of forces and still remains motionless, the body is said to be in equilibrium。
如果一个物体受到几个力的作用而仍然保持静止,那么该物体处于平衡状态。
(5) As Rosemary came onto the beach a boy of twelve ran past her and dashed into the sea with exultant cries. (摘自<<Tender is the night>>第一章)
当Rosemary[ˈrəʊzməri]来到海难的时候,一个12岁左右的小男孩从她的身边跑过,欢呼着冲进海里。(表示先后的动作,但句子结构是并列关系。)
2. 用作功能词,用于将一个限定动词(例如,go, come, try)与另一个限定动词连接起来,使得它们在逻辑上相当于一个目的不定式,这是一种非正式用法。
例如:
(1) come and see me=come to see me.
(2) Come and have tea with me= Come to have tea with me.
3. 相当于if功能,这是旧的用法,现已废弃。
(1) and it please you. (and相当于if)
假如它可以取悦你。
(2) Persevere,and you will succeed.
坚持,你就会成功。
(3) Make haste,and you will get there in time.
抓紧时间,你会准时达到。
4. 用于逻辑上构成连词,相当于and so forth。
例如:
(1) …and others or more of the same or similar kind.
以及其他或更多相同或类似类型的。
(2) …and further in the same or similar manner.
并且进一步以相同或类似的方式。
(3) …and the rest.
以及其它。
(4) …and other things.
以及其它事物。
5. 作为功能词,表示描述逻辑修饰,结果,对照(antithesis),或者补充解释。
这种用法也很正式,但是一般语法书上很少提及,也极容易困惑,注意,在这种用法时,在and之前有可以加逗号断句。例如:
(1) Say one more word and I'll scream.
再说一个字,我会尖叫的。(用于引入结果或者条件造成的结果)
(2) You have to send in the application and (that) without delay.
你得交上申请表格,不能拖延。(用于对宾语作补充说明,起强调作用。)
(3) He can express his ideas in English and (that) effectively。
他可以用英语有效地表达他的想法。(状语,补充说明。)
(4) He has a somewhat swelled head,and I don't like this.
他有点自大,我不喜欢。
(5) He heard a cry for help,and he rushed out of the house.
他听到呼救声,冲出了屋子。(跑出去的原因。)
(6) He is Jack of all trades and master of none.
他是万事通的Jack,但是一个也不精通。(作补充说明。)
(7) She floated face down for a few yards and finding it shallow staggered to her feet and plodded forward, dragging slim legs like weights against the resistance of the water. (摘自<<Tender is the night>>第一章)
她脸朝下漂浮了几码,发现水面很浅,又踉踉跄跄地站了起来,步履蹒跚地向前走,拖着纤细的双腿,像重物一样抵挡着水的阻力。(可以看到,加粗的“and”后接的是一个动名词短语,充当状语补充说明她的感受。)
上面句子“and”连状语,可能不太好理解,其实它的作用和后一个“dragging”状语作用是一样的。稍改写一下可能更好理解:
She floated face down for a few yards,(and) finding it shallow staggered to her feet, and (she) plodded forward, dragging slim legs like weights against the resistance of the water.
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