Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behaviour. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
体育活动本质上是狩猎行为的改良形式。从生物学角度来看，现代足球运动员实际上是一个狩猎团体的成员。他的杀人武器变成了无害的足球，猎物就是射入球门。如果他的目标准确并进球，他就会享受猎人杀死猎物的胜利。
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
为了理解这种转变是如何发生的，我们必须简要回顾一下我们的祖先。他们花了超过一百万年的时间进化为合作猎人。他们的生存取决于狩猎场上的成功。在这种压力下，他们的整个生活方式，甚至他们的身体，都发生了巨大的变化。他们成了追逐者、跑步者、跳投者、瞄准器、投掷者和猎物杀手。他们以熟练的男性团体攻击手的身份合作。
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
大约一万年前，经过漫长的狩猎，他们成为了农民。他们的智力得到了提高，这对他们过去的狩猎生活至关重要，但却被赋予了新的用途——控制和驯化猎物。狩猎突然过时了。食物就在农场里，等待着他们的需要。狩猎的风险和不确定性不再是生存所必需的。
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequencer but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that were no longer essential to their survival, to be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other, much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
然而，狩猎的技能和渴望仍然存在，并需要新的出路。运动取代了狩猎。这项新活动涉及所有原始的狩猎过程，但行动的目的不再是避免饥饿。相反，运动员们开始测试他们对抗猎物的技能，这些猎物对他们的生存不再重要，可以肯定的是，猎物可能已经被吃掉了，但还有其他更简单的方法可以获得肉类大餐。
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