1. And in one generation, for example, Asia's gone from having one of the lowest rates of heart disease and obesity and diabetes to one of the highest.
2. cardiovascular disease 心血管病, diabetes, hypertension, avian flu， heart and blood vessel diseases 心脑血管疾病
3. So there's a critical window of opportunity 关键时机 we have to make an important difference that can affect the lives of literally millions of people, and practice preventive medicine 预防医学 on a global scale全球范围. = worldwide
4-8 And for the last almost 29 years, we've been able to show that by simply changing diet and lifestyle, using these very high-tech, expensive, state-of-the-art measures to prove how powerful these very simple and low-tech and low-cost interventions 干预 can be like -- quantitative arteriography, before and after a year, and cardiac PET scans.
interventions 干预
quantitative arteriography 定量动脉造影
cardiac PET scans 心脏内放射扫描
静脉造影 venograph
CT是放射线成像，观察人体组织密度差异，对于骨质的观察尤其有优势。
MRI是磁共振成像，不一定打造影剂（这点你一定要弄明白），主要观察软组织以及液体信号，根据不同序列的信号特点，可以较为特异的进行疾病诊断。
PET是采用病人注射放射性物质之后扫描，也就是采用内放射扫描，主要观察有无肿瘤转移，但是实际上特异性不强，炎症和肿瘤常常分不清楚，而且对于解剖学的定位非常不精确，对于解剖定位和特异性上来讲和CT、核磁不能比。PET-CT在定位上就要好一些了。
9. We showed a few months ago -- we published the first study showing you can actually stop or reverse the progression 发展，增长of prostate cancer by making changes in diet and lifestyle, and 70 percent regression in the tumor growth, or inhibition抑制 of the tumor growth, compared to only nine percent in the control group. And in the MRI and MR spectroscopy 磁共振波谱分析 here, the prostate tumor activity is shown in red -- you can see it diminishing after a year.
10. We're kind of devolving. 退化，evolve的反义词
11. Now what can we do about this? Well, you know, the diet that we've found that can reverse heart disease 心脏病 and cancer is an Asian diet. -- Asian salad
12. dietary and lifestyle changes
13. And so if we can do that, then we can free up resources for buying drugs that you really do need for treating AIDS and HIV and malaria and for preventing avian flu. Thank you.
14. And that's what I'd like to convince you of today.
15. So there are three things I want to do. First, I want to explain how and why crack cocaine had such a profound influence on inner-city gangs. Secondly, I want to tell you how somebody like me came to be able to see the inner workings of a gang -- an interesting story, I think. And then third, I want to tell you, in a very superficial way, about some of the things we found when we actually got to look at the financial records, the books, of the gang.
16. clipboard
17. So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is, it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang and any other organization, it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's, in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's.
So first, in one way, which isn't maybe the most interesting way, but it's a good way to start -- is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang, the way it looks. So here's what the org chart组织结构图 of the gang looks like. I don't know if you know much about org charts, but if you were to assign a stripped-down简版 and simplified McDonald's org chart, this is exactly what it would look like. It's amazing, but the top level of the gang, they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors."
Now if you managed to rise up, say, and be that local leader, the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee, you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year. And that, in some ways, was the best job you could hope to get if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male. If you managed to rise to the very top, 200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make. Truly, you would be a great success story.
18. That gives you some pause, for those of you who believe that a death penalty's going to have an enormous deterrent effect威慑效果、威慑作用 on crime.
19. So why in the world, you might ask, would anybody be willing to stand out on a street corner selling drugs for $3.50 an hour, with a 25 percent chance of dying over the next four years? Why would they do that? And I think there are a couple answers.
20. The other thing the gang was very good at was marketing and trickery. And so for instance, one thing the gang would do is -- the gang leaders would have big entourages, and they'd drive fancy cars and have fancy jewelry. So what Sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more, is that, really, they didn't own those cars -- they just leased租 them, because they couldn't afford to own the fancy cars. And they didn't really have gold jewelry, they had gold-plated镀金 jewelry. It goes back to, you know, the real-real versus the fake-real.
21. Daniel arrived in Maryland as an indentured servant. 丹尼尔作为契约佣工来到马里兰州。
It wasn't his money -- until he spent it, and then he was in debt to the gang, and was sort of an indentured servant for a while.
22. So, economists tend to talk in technical words. Often, our theories fail quite miserably when we over the data, but what's kind of interesting is that in this setting, it turned out that some of the economic theories that worked not so well in the real economy worked very well in the drug economy, in some sense, because it's unfettered capitalism 自由资本主义 = unregulated capitalism
23. Here's another one. Economists talk about game theory, that every two-person game has a Nash equilibrium. 纳什均衡 Here's the translation you get from the gang member. They're talking about the decision of why they don't go shoot -- One thing that turns out to be a great business tactic in the gang: if you go and just shoot guns in the air in the other gang's territory -- people are afraid to go buy drugs there, they're going to come into your neighborhood.
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