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[转]为什么Android有65535限制

[转]为什么Android有65535限制

作者: 瑜小贤 | 来源:发表于2020-03-19 15:16 被阅读0次

65536是什么样的数?2的16次方或者16进制的 0xFFFF

下边这个error是不是很熟悉

较高版本的Android构建系统下的提示(Android 7.0及以下):

Conversion to Dalvik format failed:
Unable to execute dex: method ID not in [0, 0xffff]: 65536

较高版本的Android构建系统的报错信息(Android 8.0)

trouble writing output:
Too many field references: 131000; max is 65536.
You may try using --multi-dex option.

为什么会出现64K的限制呢?

一般排查问题我们需要从问题本身入手,那么log是最重要的信息。

在构建流程中出现这种问题,根据提示我们大概明白方法数过大,而这些方法是存在于编译后的.class文件中的,而.class最后要存在于dex文件中。

那么如此分析的话,问题应该存在于dex的打包流程当中,这个需要以后深入了解一下。

根据前人的一些分析,我们来看看MemberIdsSection文件。
注意:
源码路径是 /dalvik/dx/src/com/android/dx/dex/file/MemberIdsSection.java
不是/dalvik/dexgen/src/com/android/dexgen/dex/file/MemberIdsSection.java
代码不多,如下:

1 /*
2 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
3 *
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 *
8 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9 *
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
15 */
16
17package com.android.dx.dex.file;
18
19import com.android.dex.DexFormat;
20import com.android.dex.DexIndexOverflowException;
21
22import java.util.Formatter;
23import java.util.Map;
24import java.util.TreeMap;
25import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
26
27/**
28 * Member (field or method) refs list section of a {@code .dex} file.
29 */
30public abstract class MemberIdsSection extends UniformItemSection {
31
32    /**
33     * Constructs an instance. The file offset is initially unknown.
34     *
35     * @param name {@code null-ok;} the name of this instance, for annotation
36     * purposes
37     * @param file {@code non-null;} file that this instance is part of
38     */
39    public MemberIdsSection(String name, DexFile file) {
40        super(name, file, 4);
41    }
42
43    /** {@inheritDoc} */
44    @Override
45    protected void orderItems() {
46        int idx = 0;
47
48        if (items().size() > DexFormat.MAX_MEMBER_IDX + 1) {
49            throw new DexIndexOverflowException(getTooManyMembersMessage());
50        }
51
52        for (Object i : items()) {
53            ((MemberIdItem) i).setIndex(idx);
54            idx++;
55        }
56    }
57
58    private String getTooManyMembersMessage() {
59        Map<String, AtomicInteger> membersByPackage = new TreeMap<String, AtomicInteger>();
60        for (Object member : items()) {
61            String packageName = ((MemberIdItem) member).getDefiningClass().getPackageName();
62            AtomicInteger count = membersByPackage.get(packageName);
63            if (count == null) {
64                count = new AtomicInteger();
65                membersByPackage.put(packageName, count);
66            }
67            count.incrementAndGet();
68        }
69
70        Formatter formatter = new Formatter();
71        try {
72            String memberType = this instanceof MethodIdsSection ? "method" : "field";
73            formatter.format("Too many %1$s references to fit in one dex file: %2$d; max is %3$d.%n" +
74                            "You may try using multi-dex. If multi-dex is enabled then the list of " +
75                            "classes for the main dex list is too large.%n" +
76                    "References by package:",
77                    memberType, items().size(), DexFormat.MAX_MEMBER_IDX + 1);
78            for (Map.Entry<String, AtomicInteger> entry : membersByPackage.entrySet()) {
79                formatter.format("%n%6d %s", entry.getValue().get(), entry.getKey());
80            }
81            return formatter.toString();
82        } finally {
83            formatter.close();
84        }
85    }
86
87}

在48行到49中,我们看到如下可能抛出异常的情况

if (items().size() > DexFormat.MAX_MEMBER_IDX + 1) {
     throw new DexIndexOverflowException(getTooManyMembersMessage());
}

getTooManyMembersMessage()函数内(72行到77行)有如下异常信息字符串构造

String memberType = this instanceof MethodIdsSection ? "method" : "field";
           formatter.format("Too many %1$s references to fit in one dex file: %2$d; max is %3$d.%n" +
                            "You may try using multi-dex. If multi-dex is enabled then the list of " +
                            "classes for the main dex list is too large.%n" +
                    "References by package:",
                    memberType, items().size(), DexFormat.MAX_MEMBER_IDX + 1);

同时我们还要注意DexFormat类,

    /**
     * Maximum addressable field or method index.
     * The largest addressable member is 0xffff, in the "instruction formats" spec as field@CCCC or
     * meth@CCCC.
     */
   public static final int MAX_MEMBER_IDX = 0xFFFF;

根据注释,我们来到Dalvik 字节码,根据表格中的解释如下图:

Dalvik

可以看到类型索引(16 位),由此可以知道,无论是方法数还是字段数都不能超过65536,这也就是为什么在构建流程中出现65536的报错信息。

由此可以得出结论:

invoke-kind (调用各类方法)指令中,方法引用索引数是 16 位的,也就是最多调用 2^16 = 65536 个方法,这就是 DexFormat 中 MAX_MEMBER_IDX 为 0xFFFF 的原因。
所以单个dex的方法或者字段数量不能超过65536

后续待补充:

  • Android 官方是如何解决65536问题的?MultiDex 在打包阶段和 app 运行阶段分别做了什么?

  • 使用 MultiDex 可能会造成什么问题?

  • 使用 MultiDex 后首次启动 app 有什么优化方向吗?

  • 如何将指定的 class 打进 mainDex ?

感谢
https://www.jianshu.com/p/e4bed5790407

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