长难句精讲14、15：长句分析与翻译

==第一步：去除插入语==

• 两个扩折号
• 两个逗号
  • ++While++(句首为虽然，句中为但是) few craftsmen or farmers ==,== let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed ==,== it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.
  • Bill Gates ==,== the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree ==,== is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).
  • Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people ==——== especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations ==——== apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.
• 注意：如果出现多个逗号：
  • 名动间
    • With the help of the teacher ，all the student have achieved a high score.
    • All the student，With the help of the teacher，have achieved a high score.
  • 连名间
    • After，turning to many papers，the professor Finnished the experient，he begin another research.
  • 动名间
    • whether he will come tomorrow is ，as yet， an unanswered question.

==第二步 寻找断句标志==

• 1. 特殊标点 ： ； ——
  • Private ==businessmen==, striving to make profits, ==produce== these goods and services in competition with other businessmen ==;== and the ==profit motive==, operating under competitive pressures, largely ==determines== how these goods and services are produced.
• 2.并列连词 and / but / or / not only …but also（not only=not simply/merely/not just,but=also=but...as well） either… or…
  • ++They are++ the possessions of the ++autonomous++（自治） man of traditional theory, ||==and== ++they are++ essential to ++practices++（方式） 【in which a person is ++held++ responsible for his conduct ||==and== ++given++ ++credit++（赞誉） for his achievements】.
  • and：连接的前后形式保持一致，意思相近
  • credit：信用；学分；称颂，赞誉
  • credit...to=owe..to
  • and所组成的并列句可以省略：如果前面的句子与后面的句子出现相同成分，尤其是谓语部分，可以省略
    • My father is a teacher and my mother is a nurse.
    • My father is a teacher and my mother a nurse.
    • It is said that in Endland death is pressing，in Canada （death is）inevitable and in California （death is） optional.
    • As families move away from their stable community，their friends of many years，their extende family relationships ，||the informal flow of information ++is cut off++ ==and== with it the confidence ++（is cut off）++【that information ++will be++ available when needed ==and== ++will be++ trustworthy and reliable】
• 3.状语从句连词
  • I got up late.
  • I was late for school.
  • I got up late，so I was late for school.
  • I got up late，because I was late for school.

==第三步：万能公式划分从句==

• 含从句的句子，至少有两个动词：
  • 动词...【关系词...动词】
    • I know the girl who come from Beijing.
  • 【关系词...动词...】动词
    • The boy 【who was praised by the teacher just now 】is my brother.
  • 【what surprised me greatly】 is 【that he won the champion in knowledge contest】.
• Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism 【which, in its strongest form, states that language ++imprisons++（禁锢） the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.】

==第四步 标出主从句主干部分==

• This ++alone++（独自，仅仅） demonstrates 【that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, ++a fact++（同位语）（which is） ==underlined== by statistics 【that show 【that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989】】.】
  • alone：一般放在修饰的后面，only放在修饰的前面
  • underlie:潜藏的，影藏的
  • underline：强调