Seoul crowd crushed

Here's what causes crowd crushes like the deadly one in Seoul

几个原因，酿成“首尔梨泰院”这类的踩踏死亡事故

On Saturday at least 150 people were killed in a crowd crush during Halloween celebrations in Seoul's Itaewon, the first large-scale partying for the holiday since the pandemic began.

周六（10 月 29 日），首尔梨泰院的万圣节狂欢中发生了踩踏事故，至少 150 人死亡。这次狂欢是自新冠疫情以来，首尔地区首次大规模的万圣节聚会。

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The event can be described as a crowd crush or surge, said G. Keith Still, a crowd safety expert and visiting professor of crowd science at the University of Suffolk in England.

这场事故可以被形容为人群“拥挤”或者“蜂拥”，G·基思·史迪尔这样说到，他是一名“群体安全管控”专家，也是英国萨福克大学“群体科学”专业的客座教授。

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A crush or surge happens when people are packed together in a confined space and there's movement such as pushing that causes the crowd to fall over. Essentially, Still said, a "domino effect."

“拥挤”或者“涌动”会发生在这样的场景中：人们被一起挤进了狭小的空间里，同时还出现了像是推搡这样的动作，导致人群倒下。史迪尔教授说，基本上就是出现了“多米诺骨牌效应”。

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It takes about six minutes to go into compressive or restrictive asphyxia, the probable cause of death for people killed in a crowd crush, Still said.

史迪尔教授说，（然后）大约 6 分钟左右，就会引发压迫性或约束性窒息，这也是导致人们死于踩踏事故的可能原因。

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Similar events have happened around the world, including this month at a soccer stadium in Indonesia, which left 130 dead, and last year at the Astroworld Festival in Texas, which left 10 dead.

世界各地都发生过类似的事故，包括本月在印度尼西亚某足球场的事故（造成 130 人死亡），还有去年在美国德克萨斯州的“天文世界”音乐节踩踏事件（造成 10 人死亡）。

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Over the past year, crowds have been gathering more frequently, another factor in recent crowd surges. The increase in mass gatherings underscores the need for crowd-management training, which tapered off when the pandemic hit because large events were uncommon.

在过去一年中，人们开始越来越多地聚集，这也是近期几起踩踏事故的诱因之一。而大规模的聚集十分需要人群管控方面的相关训练，可当疫情侵袭之后，这些训练越来越少，因为大规模的活动变得很少见。

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Mehdi Moussaïd, a researcher in crowd behavior at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, watched publicly available videos of the Seoul crush and "saw what I typically see in these kinds of accidents — there were many people, too many people in relation to the available space. [This is] measured by density, so the number of people per square meter."

迈赫迪·穆赛是柏林的马克思·普朗克学会人类发展研究所的一名研究员，他的专业领域是“集群行为”，他看了梨泰院踩踏事故的公开视频，然后说：“我看到了在这类事故中非常典型的情况——那儿有很多人，相比可以活动的空间来说，人实在太多了。（这里的多少）是通过密度来衡量的，也就是每平米的人数。”

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In this case, as in others he's studied, he thinks there were about eight to 10 people per square meter.

和穆赛研究的其他案例一样，他认为，在梨泰院的事故中，每平米有 8 到 10 个人。

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Moussaïd said having more police officers in Itaewon wouldn't have necessarily prevented this tragedy.

穆赛说，给梨泰院调配更多的警员未必能阻止这场悲剧。

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"Once the level of compression has become too high, there is nothing more to be done. It's more about planning, I would say."

“一旦人群的密集程度过高，就没什么办法能挽救了。更重要的还是周密的计划，我认为。”

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主编：Pita、Sybil

品控：Pita、木子

审核：木子

重点词汇

crush

/krʌʃ/

n. 拥挤；暗恋的人

词性拓展：crush（v. 挤压；人挤人）

例句：Crush the garlic.

例句：We were crushed against the stage.

例句：There's always such a crush on the bus in the mornings.

large-scale

/ˌlɑːrdʒˈskeɪl/

adj. 大规模的

相关词汇：scale（n. 规模，范围）

搭配短语：a global scale

surge

/sɝːdʒ/

n. 蜂拥；激增

搭配短语：a surge in energy prices

英文释义：a sudden movement of a lot of people

文化补充：中文会将所有类似的事件统称为“踩踏事故”，但英文中有更多的分类。crush 和 surge 相似，都是因为拥挤无法活动导致的踩踏事故；还有一种比较常见的是 stampede，指的是因为惊慌而乱跑导致的踩踏事故。

confined

/kənˈfaɪnd/

adj. 狭窄的，有限的

词根词缀：con-（together，一起）

词根词缀：finis（an end，结尾，尽头）

派生词：finish

词性拓展：confine（n. 边界）

词性拓展：confine（v. 限制）

搭配短语：to confine the conflict

搭配短语：to confine the fire

例句：The problem is not confined to Japan.

compressive

/kəmˈpres.ɪv/

adj. 压迫性的

相关词汇：compress（v. 压紧，压缩）

词根词缀：com-（together，一起）

例句：Her lips compressed.

搭配短语：to compress a photo

underscore

/ˌʌn.dɚˈskɔːr/

v. 突出，强调；（在句子、词汇）下划线

近义词：underline

英文释义：to draw a line under

近义词：emphasize

例句：The failure underscored the importance of communication.

taper off

逐渐减少

相关词汇：taper（n. 细细的蜡烛；蜡烛芯）

词性拓展：taper（v. 逐渐变细）

例句：His wide chest tapers to a small waist.

英文释义：to decrease gradually

in relation to

相比于……；关于……

相关词汇：relation（n. 关系）

例句：They asked many questions in relation to this disease.

例句：Women's earnings are still low in relation to men's.

density

/'den.sə.t̬i/

n. 密度

相关词汇：dense（adj. 密集的）

搭配短语：a dense forest

not necessarily

不一定

相关词汇：necessarily（adv. 一定地，必要地）

相关词汇：necessary（adj. 必要地）

搭配短语：Expensive restaurants aren't necessarily the best.

There is nothing more to be done.

没什么可以做的了

近义表达：There is nothing we can do.

相关表达：There is nothing to do.（表示无所事事很无聊）

It's more about...

……才是关键

例句：It's more about the journey than the destination.

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