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语法笔记—不完全及物动词

语法笔记—不完全及物动词

作者: kyo_young | 来源:发表于2016-08-28 17:12 被阅读0次

    学习资料:赖氏经典英语语法

    不完全及物动词(简写:i. vt.)仍属一种及物动词,但此类动词加了宾语之后,意思并不完全,需要加补语(complement),以补充意思之不足。

    兹以 make(使,叫) 为例:

       He made Mary.(他使玛丽。)
          ---- ----
       * 本句意思不完全,故需补语。
    
    -> He made Mary happy.(他使玛丽快乐。)
          ---- ---- -----
       * happy 为形容词,此处作宾语补语,使整句完整。
    

    不完全及物动词的分类及用法

    <a id="causative">使役动词</a>

    1) 叫……
    • make / have + 宾语 + 原型动词(作补语),例:

        I made him wash the car.(我叫他洗车。)
          ---- --- ------------
        I had John report to me.(我叫约翰向我报到。)
          --- ---- ------------
      
    • get sb to do someting,例:

        I got him to wash the car.(我叫他洗车。)
          --- --- ---------------
      

    注意:

    make 可使用于被动语态中,但 have 及 get 则不可。

    He was made to wash the car. (他被要求洗车——也照做了。)

    2) 让……
    • let + 宾语 + 原型动词(作宾语补语),例:

        I let him wash the car. (我让他洗车。)
          --- --- ------------
        I let Peter try it. (我让彼得试试看。)
          --- ----- ------
      
    • let + 宾语 + 作副词用的介词(in、out、down),例:

        He let me in. (他让我进来。)
           --- -- --
        His performance let me down. (他的表演令我失望。)
                        --- -- ----
      

    注意:

    上述介词由于其后无宾语,可单独存在作副词用,因此称为介副词。与地点副词(如 there、here、home)一样,介副词可作 be 动词之后的表语。

    例:He is out. (他出去了。)

    He is home. (他在家里。)

    3) 强迫 / 要求 / 怂恿 / 催促……此类动词 + 宾语 + 不定式短语(作宾语补语),例:
        I asked him to write the letter. (我要求他写这封信。)
          ----- --- -------------------
        He told me to finish the work by ten. (他叫我10点钟以前做完这项工作。)
           ---- -- -------------------------
    

    注意:

    此类动词变被动语态时,仍用不定式短语作补语。

    例:He was asked to write the letter. (他被请求写这封信。)

    4)使……成为
    • 主语 + make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词(作宾语补语),例:

        His teacher made him a good student. (他的老师使他成为好学生。)
                    ---- --- --------------
        The trip made him happy. (这次旅行使他很愉快。)
                 ---- --- -----
      

    <a id="sensation">知觉动词</a>

    此类动词有三类:

    • 看:see、observe(观察)、watch(看)、look at(注视)、notice(注意)
    • 听:hear、listen to
    • 感觉:feel
    1)表事实时,用原形动词作补语,译成“……了”,例:
    I saw him dance. (我看见他跳舞了。)
      --- --- -----
    I heard him sing. (我听见他唱歌了。)
      ----- --- ----
    
    2)表进行状态时,用现在分词作补语,译成“……正在……。”,例:
    I saw him dancing when I walked in. (我进来时,看见他正在跳舞。)
      --- --- -------
    As I pushed the door open, I heard him singing. (我推开门时,听见他正在唱歌。)
                                 ----- --- -------
    
    3)表被动状态时,要用过去分词作补语,译成“……被……”,例:
    I heard the door closed. (我听见门被关起来了。)
      ----- -------- ------
    I felt myself lifted. (我感觉到自己被举起来了。)
      ---- ------ ------
    

    注意:

    以上三种补语变被动语态时,除原形动词要变成不定式短语之外,其余不变。例:

    I saw him do it. = He was seen to do it. (我看见他做那件事。)

    I saw him dancing. = He was seen dancing. (我看见他正在跳舞。)

    I saw the dog run over by a car. = The dog was seen run over by a car. (我看见那只狗被车碾过。)

    <a id="appointment">任命动词</a>

    此类动词多表“选举”、“指派”之意,其宾语之后接表职位的名词作补语,通常该名词之前要省略冠词。此类动词常用的有:

    elect(选举)、assgin(指派)、appoint(任命),例:

    We elected him chairman of the committee. (我们选他为委员会主席。)
       ------- --- --------
    The colonel assigned him platoon leader. (上校指派他为排长。)
                -------- --- --------------
    

    <a id="affirmation">认定动词</a>

    此类动词均表“视……为”之意,加了宾语之后,用名词或形容词作宾语补语。

    1)与介词连用者,例:
    We regard/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius. (我们都把他视为天才。)
       ---------------------------------- --- -----------
    I mistook the long-haired boy for a girl. (我误将那长发的男孩视作女孩。)
      ------- ------------------- ----------
    

    注意:

    一般介词之后只能用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。但表“视……为”的动词与 as 或 for 连用时,它们之后除可接名词外,可直接接形容词作补语。例:

    I regard his behavior as inappropriate. (我认为他的行为不当。)

    2)与 to be 连用者,例:
    We consider/deem/think him (to be) a genius. (我们认为他是天才。)
       ------------------- --- ----------------
    We consider/deem/think him (to be) nice. (我们认为他人很好。)
       ------------------- --- ------------
    
    3) think、believe、find、deem、consider 这五个动词作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式短语作宾语,一定要用形式宾语 it 取代,译成“认为……是……”

    主语 + think/believe/find/deem/consider + it + 宾语补语(n. 或 adj.)+ to V

    I find it necessary to do the work. (我发觉做这件事是有必要的。)
           -- --------- --------------
    I believe it worthwhile to study hard. (我相信用功是值得的。)
              -- ---------- -------------
    

    注意:

    find、believe、think、deem、consider 作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用 that 引导的名词性从句作宾语,一定要用形式宾语 it 取代。

    <a id="change">转变动词</a>

    此类动词均表“使……变成……”之意,常用的有 change 与 turn 两个。通常要与介词 into 连用。例:

    The experience turned/changed him into a good student. (这个经历使他变成好学生了。)
                   -------------- --- ---- --------------

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