要求
实现一个商场收银软件,营业员根据客户购买的商品单价和数量,向客户收费。
思路
Iter1 初始草稿
每个商品单价*数量,相加。
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
class Cashier:
total = 0
def submit(self, perPrice, perNum):
totalPrices = float(perPrice) * float(perNum)
self.total += totalPrices
print "单价:", perPrice, "数量:", perNum, "合计: ", totalPrices
问题:
- 如果商场要搞各种各样促销活动,怎么做呢?
Iter2 增加打折需求
- 实现方式
- choice 1: 在总价后面乘以折扣。但之后搞不同活动,打不同折扣需要频繁修改代码。
- choice 2: 增加选择框,将所有折扣以列表方式呈现,进行选择。
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
class Cashier:
total = 0
selectedAct = 0
def submit(self, perPrice, perNum, selectedAct):
switcher = {
0: float(perPrice) * float(perNum),
1: float(perPrice) * float(perNum) * 0.8,
2: float(perPrice) * float(perNum) * 0.7,
3: float(perPrice) * float(perNum) * 0.5
}
totalPrices = switcher[selectedAct]
self.total += totalPrices
print "单价:", perPrice, "数量:", perNum, "合计: ", totalPrices
def activities(self):
discount = {0: "正常收费", 1:"打八折", 2:"打七折", 3:"打五折"}
selectedAct = 0
问题:
- 重复代码太多,考虑重构
- 商场活动加大,增加满减促销活动
Iter3 简单工厂实现
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
import math
class CashSuper:
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashNormal(CashSuper):
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashRebate(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyRebate):
self.moneyRebate = float(moneyRebate)
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money * self.moneyRebate
class CashReturn(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyCondition, moneyReturn):
self.moneyCondition = float(moneyCondition)
self.moneyReturn = float(moneyReturn)
def acceptCash(self, money):
if money >= self.moneyCondition:
return money - math.floor(money / self.moneyCondition) * self.moneyReturn
return money
class CashFactory:
@staticmethod
def createCashAccept(type):
switcher = {
"正常收费": CashNormal(),
"满300减100": CashReturn("300", "100"),
"打8折": CashRebate("0.8"),
}
return switcher[type]
def submit(perPrice, perNum, selectedAct):
global total
csuper = CashFactory.createCashAccept(selectedAct)
totalPrices = csuper.acceptCash(perNum * perPrice)
total += totalPrices
print "单价:", totalPrices, "数量:", perNum, "合计: ", totalPrices
if __name__ == "__main__":
total = 0
submit(1000, 2, "打8折")
submit(1000, 2, "满300减100")
问题:
- 如果算法经常变动呢?
简单工厂只解决了对象创建的问题,商场可能经常性更改活动,每次维护或扩展收费方式都要改动这个工厂,所有代码需要重新编译部署
Iter4 策略模式是什么?
定义:策略模式定义了算法家族,分别封装起来,让它们之间可以互相替换,此模式让算法的变化,不会影响到使用算法的客户。
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
class Strategy:
def AlgorithmInterface(self):
pass
class ConcreteStrategyA(Strategy):
def AlgorithmInterface(self):
print "算法A实现"
class ConcreteStrategyB(Strategy):
def AlgorithmInterface(self):
print "算法B实现"
class ConcreteStrategyC(Strategy):
def AlgorithmInterface(self):
print "算法C实现"
class Context:
def __init__(self, strategy):
self.strategy = strategy
def ContextInterface(self):
self.strategy.AlgorithmInterface()
if __name__ == "__main__":
context = Context(ConcreteStrategyA())
context.ContextInterface()
context = Context(ConcreteStrategyB())
context.ContextInterface()
context = Context(ConcreteStrategyC())
context.ContextInterface()
Iter5 策略模式实现
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
import math
class CashSuper:
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashNormal(CashSuper):
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashRebate(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyRebate):
self.moneyRebate = float(moneyRebate)
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money * self.moneyRebate
class CashReturn(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyCondition, moneyReturn):
self.moneyCondition = float(moneyCondition)
self.moneyReturn = float(moneyReturn)
def acceptCash(self, money):
if money >= self.moneyCondition:
return money - math.floor(money / self.moneyCondition) * self.moneyReturn
return money
class CashContext:
def __init__(self, strategy):
self.strategy = strategy
def getresult(self, money):
return self.strategy.acceptCash(money)
class CashFactory:
@staticmethod
def createCashAccept(type):
switcher = {
"正常收费": CashNormal(),
"满300减100": CashReturn("300", "100"),
"打8折": CashRebate("0.8"),
}
return switcher[type]
def submit(perPrice, perNum, selectedAct):
global total
switcher = {
"正常收费": CashContext(CashNormal()),
"满300减100": CashContext(CashReturn("300", "100")),
"打8折": CashContext(CashRebate("0.8")),
}
cc = switcher[selectedAct]
totalPrices = cc.getresult(perNum * perPrice)
total += totalPrices
print "单价:", perPrice, "数量:", perNum, "合计: ", totalPrices
if __name__ == "__main__":
total = 0
submit(1000, 2, "打8折")
submit(1000, 2, "满300减100")
问题:
- 考虑将判断的过程从客户端移走
Iter5 策略模式与简单工厂结合
即将context类中初始化传入的值从对象,变为字符串。
#!/usr/bin/python
# coding:utf-8
import math
class CashSuper:
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashNormal(CashSuper):
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money
class CashRebate(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyRebate):
self.moneyRebate = float(moneyRebate)
def acceptCash(self, money):
return money * self.moneyRebate
class CashReturn(CashSuper):
def __init__(self, moneyCondition, moneyReturn):
self.moneyCondition = float(moneyCondition)
self.moneyReturn = float(moneyReturn)
def acceptCash(self, money):
if money >= self.moneyCondition:
return money - math.floor(money / self.moneyCondition) * self.moneyReturn
return money
class CashContext:
def __init__(self, type):
switcher = {
"正常收费": CashNormal(),
"满300减100": CashReturn("300", "100"),
"打8折": CashRebate("0.8"),
}
self.cs = switcher[type]
def acceptCash(self, money):
return self.cs.acceptCash(money)
def submit(perPrice, perNum, selectedAct):
global total
csuper = CashContext(selectedAct)
totalPrices = csuper.acceptCash(perNum * perPrice)
total += totalPrices
print "单价:", perPrice, "数量:", perNum, "合计: ", totalPrices
if __name__ == "__main__":
total = 0
submit(1000, 2, "打8折")
submit(1000, 2, "满300减100")
简单工厂、策略模式、简单工厂+策略模式 对比
#简单工厂
csuper = CashFacroty.createCashAccept(selectedAct)
totalPrices = csuper.acceptCash(perNum * perPrice)
#策略模式
swithcer = {
"...": CashContext(CashNormal()),
"...": CashContext(CashReturn("400","200")),
}
cc = swithcer[selectedAct]
totalPrices = cc.getresult(perNum * perPrice)
#简单工厂+策略模式
csuper = CashContext(selectedAct)
totalPrices = csuper.acceptCash(perNum * perPrice)
策略模式与简单工厂区别:context还知道功能类的接口,而简单工厂不知道。策略模式,外部知道功能类的存在。两者结合,使得外部不知道功能类的存在,就直接使用相关的功能。
策略模式是一种定义一系列算法的方法,从概念上来看,所有这些算法完成的都是相同的工作,只是实现不同,它可以以相同的方式调用所有的算法,减少了各种算法类与使用算法类之间的耦合。
策略模式的strategy类层次为Context定义了一系列可供重用的算法或行为。继承有助于析取出这些算法中的公共功能。(即获得计算费用的结果,这使得算法间有了抽象的父类)
简化单元测试,因为每个算法都有自己的类,可以通过自己的接口单独测试。
问题:
- 若需要增加一种算法,比如“满200送50”,那就必须更改CashContext中的选择代码,有没有更低的维护成本?。引用 反射技术
UML图
SimpleFactory细碎python
- 类变量与实例变量
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