1. 混淆矩阵（Confusion matrix）
定义： 混淆矩阵是数据科学、数据分析和机器学习中分类模型预测结果的统计局表，以矩阵形式将数据集中的记录按照真实类别与预测结果进行汇总。以二分类为例，混淆矩阵如图1所示。
图1. 混淆矩阵
其中，TRUE **：表示预测正确的实例，FALSE **：表示预测错误的实例。
Python中使用sklearn得到混淆矩阵：
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
y_true = [2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1]
y_pred = [0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2]
confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred)
2. 评价指标
-
表示模型将所有样本实例预测正确的比例。分子是所有预测正确的样本数量，分母是全部样本的数量。
-
表示为正例样本有多少被模型预测正确了。
查全率
-
表示为负例样本有多少被模型预测正确了。
-
表示模型预测为正例样本中有多少预测正确了。
查准率
-
精确率和召回率的调和均值。这个指标同时考虑了样本实例的查全率和查准率，因此其中任何一个值都能影响
的大小。
宏平均（Macro-averaging）和微平均（Micro-averaging）
宏平均和微平均针对整体评价指标而言，宏平均（Macro-averaging）是先对每一个类统计相应指标值，然后在对所有类求算术平均值。微平均（Micro-averaging）是根据混淆矩阵，对所有样本实例进行统计，然后计算相应指标。
Python中使用sklearn得到分类报告：
## 分类报告：precision/recall/f1-score/support
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
print(classification_report(y_true, y_pred, target_names=['class 0', 'class 1', 'class 2'] ))
3. PR曲线和ROC曲线
ROC曲线主要表现为一种真正例率和假正例率的权衡。ROC曲线的特点之一是具有鲁棒性，即正例或负例的比例发生了很大变化，ROC曲线也不会产生大的变化。而PR曲线主要表现为一种精确率和召回率的权衡。针对类别不平衡问题，我们主要关心正例，在这种情况下PR曲线被认为优于ROC曲线。
Python绘制ROC曲线
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from itertools import cycle
from sklearn import svm, datasets
from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve, auc
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import label_binarize
from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier
from scipy import interp
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
# Import some data to play with
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
# Binarize the output
y = label_binarize(y, classes=[0, 1, 2])
n_classes = y.shape[1]
# Add noisy features to make the problem harder
random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
n_samples, n_features = X.shape
X = np.c_[X, random_state.randn(n_samples, 200 * n_features)]
# shuffle and split training and test sets
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=.5, random_state=0)
# Learn to predict each class against the other
classifier = OneVsRestClassifier(svm.SVC(kernel='linear', probability=True, random_state=random_state))
y_score = classifier.fit(X_train, y_train).decision_function(X_test)
# Compute ROC curve and ROC area for each class
fpr = dict()
tpr = dict()
roc_auc = dict()
for i in range(n_classes):
fpr[i], tpr[i], _ = roc_curve(y_test[:, i], y_score[:, i])
roc_auc[i] = auc(fpr[i], tpr[i])
# Compute micro-average ROC curve and ROC area
fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"], _ = roc_curve(y_test.ravel(), y_score.ravel())
roc_auc["micro"] = auc(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"])
# First aggregate all false positive rates
all_fpr = np.unique(np.concatenate([fpr[i] for i in range(n_classes)]))
# Then interpolate all ROC curves at this points
mean_tpr = np.zeros_like(all_fpr)
for i in range(n_classes):
mean_tpr += interp(all_fpr, fpr[i], tpr[i])
# Finally average it and compute AUC
mean_tpr /= n_classes
fpr["macro"] = all_fpr
tpr["macro"] = mean_tpr
roc_auc["macro"] = auc(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"])
# Plot all ROC curves
plt.figure()
lw = 2
plt.plot(fpr["micro"], tpr["micro"],
label='micro-average ROC curve (area = {0:0.2f})'
''.format(roc_auc["micro"]),
color='deeppink', linestyle=':', linewidth=4)
plt.plot(fpr["macro"], tpr["macro"],
label='macro-average ROC curve (area = {0:0.2f})'
''.format(roc_auc["macro"]),
color='navy', linestyle=':', linewidth=4)
colors = cycle(['aqua', 'darkorange', 'cornflowerblue'])
for i, color in zip(range(n_classes), colors):
plt.plot(fpr[i], tpr[i], color=color, lw=lw,
label='ROC curve of class {0} (area = {1:0.2f})'
''.format(i, roc_auc[i]))
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k--', lw=lw)
plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
plt.title('Some extension of Receiver operating characteristic to multi-class')
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.show()
ROC curve
Python绘制PR曲线
from sklearn import svm, datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import numpy as np
from sklearn.metrics import average_precision_score
from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_curve
from sklearn.metrics import plot_precision_recall_curve
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
# Add noisy features
random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
n_samples, n_features = X.shape
X = np.c_[X, random_state.randn(n_samples, 200 * n_features)]
# Limit to the two first classes, and split into training and test
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X[y < 2], y[y < 2], test_size=.5, random_state=random_state)
# Create a simple classifier
classifier = svm.LinearSVC(random_state=random_state)
classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_score = classifier.decision_function(X_test)
average_precision = average_precision_score(y_test, y_score)
disp = plot_precision_recall_curve(classifier, X_test, y_test)
disp.ax_.set_title('2-class Precision-Recall curve: ' 'AP={0:0.2f}'.format(average_precision))
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