swift协议

作者: iOS小洁 | 来源:发表于2022-12-14 21:39 被阅读0次

    协议

    协议可以用来定义方法、属性、下标的声明,协议可以被枚举、结构体、类遵守(多个协议之间用逗号隔开)

    协议中定义方法时不能有默认参数值

    默认情况下,协议中定义的内容必须全部都实现

    protocol Drawable {
        func draw() 
        var x: Int { get set } 
        var y: Int { get } 
        subscript(index: Int) -> Int { get set } 
    }
    

    协议中的属性

    协议中定义属性时必须用var关键字

    实现协议时的属性权限要不小于协议中定义的属性权限

    协议定义get、set,用var存储属性或get、set计算属性去实现

    协议定义get,用任何属性都可以实现

    协议中static、class

    为了保证通用,协议中必须用static定义类型方法、类型属性、类型下标。不能用class定义

    protocol Drawable { static func draw() }
    
    class Person1 : Drawable { 
      class func draw() { 
        print("Person1 draw") 
      } 
    }
    
    class Person2 : Drawable { 
      static func draw() { 
        print("Person2 draw") 
      } 
    }
    

    mutating

    只有将协议中的实例方法标记为mutating

    才允许结构体、枚举的具体实现修改自身内存

    类在实现方法时不用加mutating,枚举、结构体才需要加mutating

    protocol Drawable { 
      mutating func draw() 
    }
    
    class Size : Drawable { 
      var width: Int = 0 
      func draw() { 
        width = 10 
      } 
    }
    
    struct Point : Drawable {
      var x: Int = 0 
      mutating func draw() {
        x = 10
      }
    }
    

    init

    协议中还可以定义初始化器init。非final类实现时必须加上required

    protocol Drawable { init(x: Int, y: Int) }
    
    class Point : Drawable { 
      required init(x: Int, y: Int) {} 
    }
    
    final class Size : Drawable { 
      init(x: Int, y: Int) {} 
    }
    

    如果协议实现的初始化器,刚好是重写了父类的指定初始化器 。那么这个初始化必须同时加required、override

    protocol Livable { init(age: Int) }
    
    class Person { 
      init(age: Int) {} 
    }
    
    class Student : Person, Livable { 
      required override init(age: Int) { 
        super.init(age: age) 
      } 
    }
    

    init、init?、init!

    协议中定义的init?、init!,可以用init、init?、init!去实现

    协议中定义的init,可以用init、init!去实现

    protocol Livable { 
      init() 
      init?(age: Int) 
      init!(no: Int) 
    }
    
    class Person : Livable {
        required init() {} 
        //required init!() {}
    
        required init?(age: Int) {} 
      //required init!(age: Int) {} 
      //required init(age: Int) {}
    
        required init!(no: Int) {} 
      //required init?(no: Int) {} 
      //required init(no: Int) {}
    }
    

    协议的继承

    一个协议可以继承其他协议

    protocol Runnable { func run() }
    
    protocol Livable : Runnable { func breath() }
    
    class Person : Livable { 
        func breath() {} 
        func run() {} 
    }
    

    协议组合

    协议组合,可以包含1个类类型(最多1个)

    protocol Livable {} 
    protocol Runnable {} 
    class Person {}
    
    // 接收Person或者其子类的实例 
    func fn0(obj: Person) {} 
    // 接收遵守Livable协议的实例 
    func fn1(obj: Livable) {} 
    // 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议的实例 
    func fn2(obj: Livable & Runnable) {} 
    // 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议、并且是Person或者其子类的实例 
    func fn3(obj: Person & Livable & Runnable) {}
    
    typealias RealPerson = Person & Livable & Runnable 
    // 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议、并且是Person或者其子类的实例 
    func fn4(obj: RealPerson) {}
    

    CaseIterable

    让枚举遵守CaseIterable协议,可以实现遍历枚举值

    enum Season : CaseIterable { 
        case spring, summer, autumn, winter 
    } 
    let seasons = Season.allCases 
    print(seasons.count) // 4 
    for season in seasons {
        print(season) 
    } // spring summer autumn winter
    

    CustomStringConvertible

    遵守CustomStringConvertible、 CustomDebugStringConvertible协议,都可以自定义实例的打印字符串

    print调用的是CustomStringConvertible协议的description

    debugPrint、po调用的是CustomDebugStringConvertible协议的debugDescription

    class Person : CustomStringConvertible, CustomDebugStringConvertible { 
      var age = 0 
      var description: String { "person_\(age)" } 
      var debugDescription: String { "debug_person_\(age)" } 
    } 
    var person = Person() 
    print(person) // person_0 
    debugPrint(person) // debug_person_0
    

    Any、AnyObject

    Swift提供了2种特殊的类型:Any、AnyObject

    Any:可以代表任意类型(枚举、结构体、类,也包括函数类型)

    AnyObject:可以代表任意类类型(在协议后面写上: AnyObject代表只有类能遵守这个协议)

    在协议后面写上: class也代表只有类能遵守这个协议

    is、as?、as!、as

    is用来判断是否为某种类型,as用来做强制类型转换

    protocol Runnable { 
      func run() 
    } 
    class Person {
      
    } 
    class Student : Person, Runnable { 
      func run() { print("Student run") } 
      func study() { print("Student study") }
    }
    
    
    var stu: Any = 10 
    print(stu is Int) // true 
    stu = "Jack" 
    print(stu is String) // true
    stu = Student() 
    print(stu is Person) // true 
    print(stu is Student) // true 
    print(stu is Runnable) // true
    
    var stu: Any = 10 
    (stu as? Student)?.study() // 没有调用study 
    stu = Student() 
    (stu as? Student)?.study() // Student study 
    (stu as! Student).study() // Student study
    (stu as? Runnable)?.run() // Student run
    
    var data = [Any]() 
    data.append(Int("123") as Any)
    
    var d = 10 as Double 
    print(d) // 10.0
    

    X.self、X.Type、AnyClass

    X.self是一个元类型(metadata)的指针,metadata存放着类型相关信息

    X.self属于X.Type类型

    class Person {} 
    class Student : Person {} 
    var perType: Person.Type = Person.self 
    var stuType: Student.Type = Student.self 
    perType = Student.self
    
    var anyType: AnyObject.Type = Person.self 
    anyType = Student.self
    
    public typealias AnyClass = AnyObject.Type 
    var anyType2: AnyClass = Person.self 
    anyType2 = Student.self
    
    var per = Person() 
    var perType = type(of: per) // Person.self 
    print(Person.self == type(of: per)) // true
    

    元类型的应用

    class Animal { required init() {} } 
    class Cat : Animal {} 
    class Dog : Animal {} 
    class Pig : Animal {}
    
    func create(_ clses: [Animal.Type]) -> [Animal] { 
      var arr = [Animal]() 
      for cls in clses { 
        arr.append(cls.init()) 
      } 
      return arr 
    }
    
    print(create([Cat.self, Dog.self, Pig.self]))
    
    
    import Foundation 
    class Person {
      var age: Int = 0 
    } 
    class Student : Person {
      var no: Int = 0 
    } 
    print(class_getInstanceSize(Student.self)) // 32 
    print(class_getSuperclass(Student.self)!) // Person 
    print(class_getSuperclass(Person.self)!) // Swift._SwiftObject
    // 由此可以看得出来,Swift还有个隐藏的基类:Swift._SwiftObject
    

    Self

    Self代表当前类型

    Self一般用作返回值类型,限定返回值跟方法调用者必须是同一类型(也可以作为参数类型)

    protocol Runnable { func test() -> Self } 
    class Person : Runnable {
      required init() {}
      func test() -> Self { type(of: self).init() } 
    } 
    class Student : Person {}
    
    var p = Person() 
    print(p.test())// Person 
    
    var stu = Student()  
    print(stu.test())// Student
    

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