本文参考:
HashMap的扩容机制---resize()
HashMap的扩容及树化过程
HashMap的内部是使用Hash表来存储数据的;
Hash表
Hash表是数组和链表的组合,存储的数据会放在粉色节点中
概念介绍:
- 数组
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
- Node
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
......
}
- size:实际数据量(已存放的K,V的数量)
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
*/
transient int size;
- loadFactor:负载因子,描述HashMap满的程度,默认0.75
/*
* The load factor for the hash table
*/
final float loadFactor;
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
- threshold,门阀,到了这个值会进行resize()
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
*
* @serial
*/
// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
int threshold;
put()
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
// 传入 key value key的hashcode
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
// 因为是新建的数组,所以肯定是空的,直接放到数组中
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
// 如果当前数组下标不会空,就以当前元素为头节点,放到链表中
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
// 如果size超过了threshold也要进行resize()
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
第一次添加数据table == null , 调用resize()
resize() —— 新建数组
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
......
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; // 数组默认大小 16
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
......
}
创建一个新的默认大小是16的数组;然后回到putVal(),因为是新建的数组,所以肯定是空的,直接放到数组中;如果当前数组下标不会空,就以当前元素为头节点,放到链表中,如果size超过了threshold也要进行resize()
resize() —— 数组扩容
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
......
newCap = oldCap << 1 // 16 左移一位 变 32
newCap = oldThr;
// 新的数组大小是32
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
// 将老的数组元素重新放到新的数组中
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
当size超过threshold时,添加的数据会大概率的碰撞(Hash冲突),导致链表的数量增加,遍历链表会降低效率,而增加数组的容量会导致大量的空间浪费,负载因子
是典型的时空转化问题,用空间换时间;
get()
get操作先通过key获取到数组的下标index,再遍历这个链表当key等于节点的key时就取到这个值了;
数组的查询很快是o(1),链表的查询是o(n),如果链表过长,查询就会慢,如果数组过长,可能会造成空间浪费,loadfactor默认是0.75,默认容量是16,如果元素超过threshHold(loaderfactor*capacity)就会进行resize扩容,至于为什么是0.75 和 16,hash的计算是经过位运算,0.75和16可以做到最科学的均匀分布
HashMap树化
链表长度大于8,数组长度大于64,就会把链表转为红黑树;
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