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SQL-DQL(8)199标准连接

SQL-DQL(8)199标准连接

作者: 小白201808 | 来源:发表于2018-08-30 09:08 被阅读62次

    1. sql199标准【推荐】:因为几乎所有功能都支持,可读性高。

    功能分类:
          内连接:
              等值连接
              非等值连接
              自连接
          外连接:
               左外连接
               右外连接
               全外连接(mysql不支持)
          交叉连接 
    

    2.语法:

    select 查询列表
    from 表1 别名【连接类型】
    join 表2 别名
    on 连接条件
    【where 筛选条件】
    【group by 分组】
    【having 筛选条件】
    【order by 排序列表】
    

    2-1.连接类型分类:

      1.内连接(∆):inner
      
      2.外连接
        左外(∆):left【outer】
        右外(∆):right【outer】
        全外:full【outer】(mysql不支持)
        
      3.交叉连接:cross 
    

    2-2.连接条件

      分类:等值~,非等值~,自连接~。   
    

    3.来吧,练习靶场...

    3-1 内连接(inner 可以省略)

      特点: 1.筛选条件放在where的后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,增加可读性。
            2.inner 可以省略
            3.可添加筛选,分组,排序,多表连接
            4.inner join连接和sql192语法中的等值连接效果是一样的,都是查询多表的交集。
    

    3-1-1 等值连接
    案例1:查询员工名,部门名。

    #inner 可以省略。
    mysql> select last_name ,department_name  from employees e inner join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id;
    +-------------+-----------------+
    | last_name   | department_name |
    +-------------+-----------------+
    | Whalen      | Adm             |
    | Hartstein   | Mar             |
    | Fay         | Mar             |
    | Raphaely    | Pur             |
    | Khoo        | Pur             |
    | Baida       | Pur             |
    | Tobias      | Pur             |
    ...
    ...
    

    案例2: 查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选条件)

    mysql> select last_name 员工名,job_title 工种名 from employees e inner join jobs j on e.job_id = j.job_id where last_name like '%e%';
    +-------------+---------------------------------+
    | 员工名      | 工种名                          |
    +-------------+---------------------------------+
    | De Haan     | Administration Vice President   |
    | Ernst       | Programmer                      |
    | Lorentz     | Programmer                      |
    | Greenberg   | Finance Manager                 |
    | Faviet      | Accountant                      |
    | Chen        | Accountant                      |
    | Raphaely    | Purchasing Manager              |
    | Colmenares  | Purchasing Clerk                |
    | Weiss       | Stock Manager                   |
    ...
    ...
    
    

    案例三:查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数(添加分组和筛选条件。

    mysql> select city ,count(*) from locations l join departments d on l.location_id = d.location_id group by city having count(*)>3;
    +---------+----------+
    | city    | count(*) |
    +---------+----------+
    | Seattle |       21 |
    +---------+----------+
    1 row in set (0.11 sec)
    

    案例四:查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序。(添加分组和筛选条件和排序)

    mysql> select department_name ,count(*) from departments d join employees e on d.department_id = e.department_id group by department_name having count(*)>3;
    +-----------------+----------+
    | department_name | count(*) |
    +-----------------+----------+
    | Pur             |        6 |
    | Shi             |       45 |
    | IT              |        5 |
    | Sal             |       34 |
    | Fin             |        6 |
    +-----------------+----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    案例五:查询员工名,部门名,工种名,并按部门降序排序。(多表连接)

    mysql> #查询员工名,部门名,工种名,并按部门降序排序。
    mysql> select last_name , department_name,job_title from employees e join departments d on d.department_id = e.department_id join jobs j on j.job_id = e.job_id order by department_name desc;
    +-------------+-----------------+---------------------------------+
    | last_name   | department_name | job_title                       |
    +-------------+-----------------+---------------------------------+
    | Taylor      | Shi             | Shipping Clerk                  |
    | Chung       | Shi             | Shipping Clerk                  |
    | Walsh       | Shi             | Shipping Clerk                  |
    | Bissot      | Shi             | Stock Clerk                     |
    | Ladwig      | Shi             | Stock Clerk                     |
    | Weiss       | Shi             | Stock Manager                   |
    | Fleaur      | Shi             | Shipping Clerk                  |
    | Dilly       | Shi             | Shipping Clerk                  |
    
    

    3-1-2 非等值连接
    案例一:查询员工的工资级别

    mysql> select salary ,grade_level from employees e join job_grades g on  salary between lowest_sal and highest_sal ;
    +----------+-------------+
    | salary   | grade_level |
    +----------+-------------+
    | 24000.00 | E           |
    | 17000.00 | E           |
    | 17000.00 | E           |
    |  9000.00 | C           |
    |  6000.00 | C           |
    |  4800.00 | B           |
    |  4800.00 | B           |
    |  4200.00 | B           |
    | 12000.00 | D           |
    |  9000.00 | C           |
    ...
    
    案例二:查询工资级别的个数大于20 的个数,并按工资的级别的降序排序。
    ...
    mysql> select count(*) ,grade_level from employees e join job_grades g on  salary between lowest_sal and highest_sal group by grade_level having count(*) >20 order by grade_level desc ;
    +----------+-------------+
    | count(*) | grade_level |
    +----------+-------------+
    |       38 | C           |
    |       26 | B           |
    |       24 | A           |
    +----------+-------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    3-1-3 自连接
    案例一:查询员工的名字和他上司的名字

    mysql> select e.last_name e ,m.last_name m from employees e join employees m on  e.manager_id = m.employee_id;
    +-------------+-----------+
    | e           | m         |
    +-------------+-----------+
    | Kochhar     | K_ing     |
    | De Haan     | K_ing     |
    | Hunold      | De Haan   |
    | Ernst       | Hunold    |
    | Austin      | Hunold    |
    | Pataballa   | Hunold    |
    | Lorentz     | Hunold    |
    | Greenberg   | Kochhar   |
    | Faviet      | Greenberg |
    | Chen        | Greenberg |
    | Sciarra     | Greenberg |
    | Urman       | Greenberg |
    | Popp        | Greenberg |
    ...
    ...
    

    3-2 外连接(在这只学习左外和右外,因为mysql不支持全外)

     1.应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表没有的记录。
     2特点:
       (1)外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
            如果从表中有和它匹配的,则就显示匹配     
            的值,否则显示null。(外连接的查询结果                     
            = 内连接结果+主表有而从表没有的记录)
        (2) 左外连接,left join 左边是主表
            右外连接,right join 左边是主表 
        (3) 左外和右外交换两表的顺序可以实现同样的效果。
        (4)全外连接 = 内连接的结果+ 表1有而表2 没有+表2有而表1没有。
    

    3-2-1 左/右外连接

    案例一:查询男朋友 不在男神表的女神名。(鸡冻吧!!!)

    #1. 可以先查一下所有女神的男盘友是否都在表中
         
    mysql> select gf.name girlname, boyname from beauty gf left join boys bf on boyfriend_id =bf.id;
    +------------+-----------+
    | girlname   | boyname   |
    +------------+-----------+
    | 柳岩       | NULL      |
    | 苍老师     | NULL      |
    | Angelababy | 黄晓明    |
    | 关晓彤     | 鹿晗      |
    | 周冬雨     | NULL      |
    | 周芷若     | 张无忌    |
    | 岳灵珊     | NULL      |
    | 小昭       | 张无忌    |
    | 双儿       | NULL      |
    | 王语嫣     | 段誉      |
    | 夏雪       | NULL      |
    | 赵敏       | 张无忌    |
    | 王菲       | 谢霆锋    |
    | 张柏芝     | 谢霆锋    |
    +------------+-----------+
    14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #2. 匹配结果为NULl的说明男朋友资料还不在我们的表中
       于是添加条件就可以查询出男朋友不在男神表的女神名
       
    mysql> select gf.name girlname, boyname from beauty gf left join boys bf on boyfriend_id =bf.id where boyname is null;
    +-----------+---------+
    | girlname  | boyname |
    +-----------+---------+
    | 柳岩      | NULL    |
    | 苍老师    | NULL    |
    | 周冬雨    | NULL    |
    | 岳灵珊    | NULL    |
    | 双儿      | NULL    |
    | 夏雪      | NULL    |
    +-----------+---------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #这里推荐用下面的方法吧,毕竟ID,才是我们唯一标志。
    mysql> select gf.name girlname, boyname, bf.id bfId from beauty gf left join boys bf on boyfriend_id =bf.id;
    +------------+-----------+------+
    | girlname   | boyname   | bfId |
    +------------+-----------+------+
    | 柳岩       | NULL      | NULL |
    | 苍老师     | NULL      | NULL |
    | Angelababy | 黄晓明    |    3 |
    | 关晓彤     | 鹿晗      |    2 |
    | 周冬雨     | NULL      | NULL |
    | 周芷若     | 张无忌    |    1 |
    | 岳灵珊     | NULL      | NULL |
    | 小昭       | 张无忌    |    1 |
    | 双儿       | NULL      | NULL |
    | 王语嫣     | 段誉      |    4 |
    | 夏雪       | NULL      | NULL |
    | 赵敏       | 张无忌    |    1 |
    | 王菲       | 谢霆锋    |    5 |
    | 张柏芝     | 谢霆锋    |    5 |
    +------------+-----------+------+
    14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    mysql> select gf.name girlname, boyname, bf.id bfId from beauty gf left join boys bf on boyfriend_id =bf.id where bf.id is null;
    +-----------+---------+------+
    | girlname  | boyname | bfId |
    +-----------+---------+------+
    | 柳岩      | NULL    | NULL |
    | 苍老师    | NULL    | NULL |
    | 周冬雨    | NULL    | NULL |
    | 岳灵珊    | NULL    | NULL |
    | 双儿      | NULL    | NULL |
    | 夏雪      | NULL    | NULL |
    +-----------+---------+------+
    
    

    案例二:查询编号>3的女神的男盆友信息,如果有则列出详细信息,如果没有就用null填充。

    #用左连接实现
    mysql> select gf.name, gf.id, boyname from beauty gf left join boys bf on bf.id = gf.id where gf.id>3;
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    | name      | id | boyname   |
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    | 关晓彤    |  4 | 段誉      |
    | 周冬雨    |  5 | 谢霆锋    |
    | 周芷若    |  6 | NULL      |
    | 岳灵珊    |  7 | NULL      |
    | 小昭      |  8 | NULL      |
    | 双儿      |  9 | NULL      |
    | 王语嫣    | 10 | NULL      |
    | 夏雪      | 11 | NULL      |
    | 赵敏      | 12 | NULL      |
    | 王菲      | 13 | NULL      |
    | 张柏芝    | 14 | NULL      |
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    11 rows in set (0.35 sec)
    
    #用右连接实现
    mysql> select gf.name, gf.id, boyname from boys bf right join beauty gf on bf.id = gf.id where gf.id>3;
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    | name      | id | boyname   |
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    | 关晓彤    |  4 | 段誉      |
    | 周冬雨    |  5 | 谢霆锋    |
    | 周芷若    |  6 | NULL      |
    | 岳灵珊    |  7 | NULL      |
    | 小昭      |  8 | NULL      |
    | 双儿      |  9 | NULL      |
    | 王语嫣    | 10 | NULL      |
    | 夏雪      | 11 | NULL      |
    | 赵敏      | 12 | NULL      |
    | 王菲      | 13 | NULL      |
    | 张柏芝    | 14 | NULL      |
    +-----------+----+-----------+
    11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    案例三:查询一下哪个城市没有部门

    
    mysql> use myEmployees;
    mysql> select city ,d.* from locations l left join departments d on l.location_id = d.location_id where d.location_id is null;
    +-----------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+-------------+
    | city            | department_id | department_name | manager_id | location_id |
    +-----------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+-------------+
    | Roma            |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Venice          |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Tokyo           |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Hiroshima       |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | South Brunswick |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Whitehorse      |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Beijing         |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Bombay          |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Sydney          |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Singapore       |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Stretford       |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Sao Paulo       |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Geneva          |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Bern            |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Utrecht         |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    | Mexico City     |          NULL | NULL            |       NULL |        NULL |
    +-----------------+---------------+-----------------+------------+-------------+
    16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    3-3 交叉连接(cross join)

     实现了笛卡尔乘积的效果。
    
    mysql> select bf.*,gf.* from beauty gf cross join boys bf;
    +----+-----------+--------+----+------------+------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------------+
    | id | boyName   | userCP | id | name       | sex  | borndate            | phone       | photo | boyfriend_id |
    +----+-----------+--------+----+------------+------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------------+
    |  1 | 张无忌    |    100 |  1 | 柳岩       | 女   | 1988-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876577 | NULL  |            8 |
    |  2 | 鹿晗      |    800 |  1 | 柳岩       | 女   | 1988-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876577 | NULL  |            8 |
    |  3 | 黄晓明    |     50 |  1 | 柳岩       | 女   | 1988-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876577 | NULL  |            8 |
    |  4 | 段誉      |    300 |  1 | 柳岩       | 女   | 1988-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876577 | NULL  |            8 |
    |  5 | 谢霆锋    |   1000 |  1 | 柳岩       | 女   | 1988-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876577 | NULL  |            8 |
    |  1 | 张无忌    |    100 |  2 | 苍老师     | 女   | 1987-12-30 00:00:00 | 18219876577 | NULL  |            9 |
    |  2 | 鹿晗      |    800 |  2 | 苍老师     | 女   | 1987-12-30 00:00:00 | 18219876577 | NULL  |            9 |
    |  3 | 黄晓明    |     50 |  2 | 苍老师     | 女   | 1987-12-30 00:00:00 | 18219876577 | NULL  |            9 |
    |  4 | 段誉      |    300 |  2 | 苍老师     | 女   | 1987-12-30 00:00:00 | 18219876577 | NULL  |            9 |
    |  5 | 谢霆锋    |   1000 |  2 | 苍老师     | 女   | 1987-12-30 00:00:00 | 18219876577 | NULL  |            9 |
    |  1 | 张无忌    |    100 |  3 | Angelababy | 女   | 1989-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876567 | NULL  |            3 |
    |  2 | 鹿晗      |    800 |  3 | Angelababy | 女   | 1989-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876567 | NULL  |            3 |
    |  3 | 黄晓明    |     50 |  3 | Angelababy | 女   | 1989-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876567 | NULL  |            3 |
    |  4 | 段誉      |    300 |  3 | Angelababy | 女   | 1989-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876567 | NULL  |            3 |
    |  5 | 谢霆锋    |   1000 |  3 | Angelababy | 女   | 1989-02-03 00:00:00 | 18209876567 | NULL  |            3 |
    ...
    ...
    

    注:这是本人的学习笔记及练习,如果有错误的地方望指出一起讨论,谢谢!

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