topic7

1. defile (v/n):(v)  to make foul, dirty, or unclean; pollute; taint; debase.

                     (n) any narrow passage, especially between mountains.

  e.g: Smoking, the statement suggests, will direct their actions, defile their bodies and “cost them” a great deal.

  synonyms: sully, degrace

2. perch(n/v): (n): a pole or rod, usually horizontal, serving as a roost for birds.

                     (n): a high or elevated position, resting place, or the like

                     (v): to settle or rest in some elevated position, as if on a perch.

   e.g: Not so this year, as the prolonged renegotiation has pushed Mad Men out of its usual summer perch to a March 2012 launch date.

  synonyms: seat, roost, branch

3.crag(n) : a steep, rugged(粗糙的，高低不平的） rock; rough, broken, projecting part of a rock.

  e.g:  "I see here a great cleft（裂缝） in the face of this crag," said Ulric.

   synonyms：cliff，ridge

4. outpost(n): a station established at a distance from the main body of an army to protect it from surprise attack（前哨）

   e.g： They wondered if any of the other Americans at the outpost were still alive.

   synonyms: frontier， settlement ， station  

5. genealogy(n):  a record or account of the ancestry and descent of a person, family, group, etc.

  e.g: Locally, Esters is well-known as a genealogy expert, and I'd heard about her from a Kosciusko librarian.

 synonyms: descent, ancestry