flask-sqlalchemy
SQLAlchemy
已经成为了python
世界里面orm
的标准,flask
是一个轻巧的web
框架,可以自由的使用orm
,其中flask-sqlalchemy
是专门为flask
指定的插件。
安装flask-sqlalchemy
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
初始化sqlalchemy
from flask import Flask
from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(__name__)
# dialect+driver://username:password@host:port/database?charset=utf8
# 配置 sqlalchemy 数据库驱动://数据库用户名:密码@主机地址:端口/数据库?编码
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:@localhost:3306/sqlalchemy?charset=utf8'
# 初始化
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
定义model
class User(db.Model):
""" 定义了三个字段, 数据库表名为model名小写
"""
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
def __init__(self, username, email):
self.username = username
self.email = email
def __repr__(self):
return '<User %r>' % self.username
def save(self):
db.session.add(self)
db.session.commit()
创建数据表
数据包的创建使用sqlalchemy app
,如果表已经存在,则忽略,如果不存在,则新建
>>> from yourapp import db, User
>>> u = User(username='admin', email='admin@example.com') # 创建实例
>>> db.session.add(u) # 添加session
>>> db.session.commit() # 提交查询
>>> users = User.query.all() # 查询
需要注意的是,如果要插入中文,必须插入 unicode
字符串
>>> u = User(username=u'人世间', email='rsj@example.com')
>>> u.save()
定义关系
关系型数据库,最重要的就是关系。通常关系分为 一对一(例如无限级栏目),一对多(文章和栏目),多对多(文章和标签)
one to many
我们定义一个Category
(栏目)和Post
(文章),两者是一对多的关系,一个栏目有许多文章,一个文章属于一个栏目。
class Category(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(50))
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __repr__(self):
return '<Category %r>' % self.name
class Post(db.Model):
""" 定义了五个字段,分别是 id,title,body,pub_date,category_id
"""
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
title = db.Column(db.String(80))
body = db.Column(db.Text)
pub_date = db.Column(db.String(20))
# 用于外键的字段
category_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('category.id'))
# 外键对象,不会生成数据库实际字段
# backref指反向引用,也就是外键Category通过backref(post_set)查询Post
category = db.relationship('Category', backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
def __init__(self, title, body, category, pub_date=None):
self.title = title
self.body = body
if pub_date is None:
pub_date = time.time()
self.pub_date = pub_date
self.category = category
def __repr__(self):
return '<Post %r>' % self.title
def save(self):
db.session.add(self)
db.session.commit()
如何使用查询呢?
>>> c = Category(name='Python')
>>> c
<Category 'Python'>
>>> c.post_set
<sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B58F60>
>>> c.post_set.all()
[]
>>> p = Post(title='hello python', body='python is cool', category=c)
>>> p.save()
>>> c.post_set
<sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B73710>
>>> c.post_set.all() # 反向查询
[<Post u'hello python'>]
>>> p
<Post u'hello python'>
>>> p.category
<Category u'Python'>
# 也可以使用category_id 字段来添加
>>> p = Post(title='hello flask', body='flask is cool', category_id=1)
>>> p.save()
many to many (评论已经指出,这样的做法无法关联删除,简书没有删除线格式,多多对例子作废,在此提示,以免被误导)
对于多对多的关系,往往是定义一个两个model
的id
的另外一张表,例如 Post
和 Tag
之间是多对多,需要定义一个 Post_Tag
的表
post_tag = db.Table('post_tag',
db.Column('post_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('post.id')),
db.Column('tag_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('tag.id'))
)
class Post(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
# ... 省略
# 定义一个反向引用,tag可以通过 post_set查询到 post的集合
tags = db.relationship('Tag', secondary=post_tag,
backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
class Tag(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
content = db.Column(db.String(10), unique=True)
# 定义反向查询
posts = db.relationship('Post', secondary=post_tag,
backref=db.backref('tag_set', lazy='dynamic'))
def __init__(self, content):
self.content = content
def save(self):
db.session.add(self)
db.session.commit()
查询
>>> tag_list = []
>>> tags = ['python', 'flask', 'ruby', 'rails']
>>> for tag in tags:
t = Tag(tag)
tag_list.append(t)
>>> tag_list
[<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
>>> p
<Post u'hello python'>
>>> p.tags
[]
>>> p.tags = tag_list # 添加多对多的数据
>>> p.save()
>>> p.tags
[<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
>>> p.tag_set # 反向查询
<sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B7C080>
>>> p.tag_set.all()
[<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
>>> t = Tag.query.all()[1]
>>> t
<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>
>>> t.content
u'python'
>>> t.posts
[<Post u'hello python'>]
>>> t.post_set
<sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B7C358>
>>> t.post_set.all()
[<Post u'hello python'>]
self one to one
自身一对一也是常用的需求,比如无限分级栏目
class Category(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(50))
# 父级 id
pid = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('category.id'))
# 父栏目对象
pcategory = db.relationship('Category', uselist=False, remote_side=[id], backref=db.backref('scategory', uselist=False))
def __init__(self, name, pcategory=None):
self.name = name
self.pcategory = pcategory
def __repr__(self):
return '<Category %r>' % self.name
def save(self):
db.session.add(self)
db.session.commit()
查询
>>> p = Category('Python')
>>> p
<Category 'Python'>
>>> p.pid
>>> p.pcategory # 查询父栏目
>>> p.scategory # 查询子栏目
>>> f = Category('Flask', p)
>>> f.save()
>>> f
<Category u'Flask'>
>>> f.pid
1L
>>> f.pcategory # 查询父栏目
<Category u'Python'>
>>> f.scategory # 查询父栏目
>>> p.scategory # 查询子栏目
<Category u'Flask'>
关于 flask-sqlalchemy
定义models
的简单应用就这么多,更多的技巧在于如何查询。
网友评论
仔细看:
class Post(db.Model):
.....
category = db.relationship('Category', backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
里面的db.backref,这一句会向类Category建立一个反向的引用post_set,所以Category类的实例就可以调用post_set这个引用了
tags = db.relationship('Tag', secondary=post_tag,backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
posts = db.relationship('Post', secondary=post_tag,backref=db.backref('tag_set', lazy='dynamic'))
否则你根本删除不掉文章,或者tag。会一直报错StaleDataError: DELETE statement on table 'post_tag' expected to delete 1 row(s); Only 0 were matched.
别问我怎么知道的。。。