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《Kotlin极简教程》第五章 Kotlin面向对象编程(OOP

《Kotlin极简教程》第五章 Kotlin面向对象编程(OOP

作者: 光剑书架上的书 | 来源:发表于2017-03-12 00:43 被阅读613次

    一个OOP版本的HelloWorld

    正式上架:《Kotlin极简教程》Official on shelves: Kotlin Programming minimalist tutorial
    京东JD:https://item.jd.com/12181725.html
    天猫Tmall:https://detail.tmall.com/item.htm?id=558540170670

    /**
     * Here we have a class with a primary constructor and a member function.
     * Note that there's no `new` keyword used to create an object.
     * See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/classes.html#classes
     */
    
    class Greeter(val name: String) {
        fun greet() {
            println("Hello, ${name}");
        }
    }
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        Greeter(args[0]).greet()
    }
    

    构造函数传参

    /**
     * This example introduces a concept that we call destructuring declarations.
     * It creates multiple variable at once. Anything can be on the right-hand
     * side of a destructuring declaration, as long as the required number of component
     * functions can be called on it.
     * See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multi-declarations.html#multi-declarations
     */
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        val pair = Pair(1, "one")
    
        val (num, name) = pair
    
        println("num = $num, name = $name")
        
        val triple = Triple(10,"B",10.0)
        val (a,b,c) = triple
        println("a=$a, b=$b, c=$c")
    }
    
    class Pair<K, V>(val first: K, val second: V) {
        operator fun component1(): K {
            return first
        }
    
        operator fun component2(): V {
            return second
        }
    }
    
    class Triple<K,V,T>(val first: K,val second:V,val third:T){
        operator fun component1():K{return first}
        operator fun component2():V{return second}
        operator fun component3():T{return third}
    }
    
    
    
    
    

    运行结果:

    num = 1, name = one
    a=10, b=B, c=10.0
    

    Data Class

    We frequently create a class to do nothing but hold data. In such a class some standard functionality is often mechanically derivable from the data. In Kotlin, this is called a data class and is marked as data

    data class User(val name: String, val age: Int)
    

    The compiler automatically derives the following members from all properties declared in the primary constructor:

    • equals()/ hashCode() pair
    • toString() of the form "User(name=John, age=42)",
    • componentN() functions corresponding to the properties in their order of declaration,
    • copy() function
    /**
     *  Data class gets component functions, one for each property declared
     *  in the primary constructor, generated automatically, same for all the
     *  other goodies common for data: toString(), equals(), hashCode() and copy().
     *  See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/data-classes.html#data-classes
     */
    
    data class User(val name: String, val id: Int)
    
    fun getUser(): User {
        return User("Alex", 1)
    }
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        val user = getUser()
        println("name = ${user.name}, id = ${user.id}")
    
        // or
    
        val (name, id) = getUser()
        println("name = $name, id = $id")
    
        // or
    
        println("name = ${getUser().component1()}, id = ${getUser().component2()}")
    }
    
    

    定义接口&实现之

    package ch04.ex1_1_1_InterfacesInKotlin
    
    interface Clickable {
        fun click()
    }
    class Button : Clickable {
        override fun click() = println("I was clicked")
    }
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        Button().click()
    }
    
    

    写pojo bean

    package jason.chen.mini_springboot.restful.entity
    
    import java.util.*
    import javax.persistence.Entity
    import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue
    import javax.persistence.GenerationType
    import javax.persistence.Id
    
    @Entity
    class Customer(
            val firstName: String,
            val lastName: String,
            val gmtCreated: Date,
            val gmtModified: Date,
            val isDeleted: Int, //1 Yes 0 No
            val deletedDate:Date,
            @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
            val id: Long = -1) {
        override fun toString(): String {
            return "Customer(firstName='$firstName', lastName='$lastName', gmtCreated=$gmtCreated, gmtModified=$gmtModified, isDeleted=$isDeleted, deletedDate=$deletedDate, id=$id)"
        }
    }
    
    
    
    
    data class Shop(val name: String, val customers: List<Customer>)
    
    data class Customer(val name: String, val city: City, val orders: List<Order>) {
        override fun toString() = "$name from ${city.name}"
    }
    
    data class Order(val products: List<Product>, val isDelivered: Boolean)
    
    data class Product(val name: String, val price: Double) {
        override fun toString() = "'$name' for $price"
    }
    
    data class City(val name: String) {
        override fun toString() = name
    }
    
    
    
    

    定一个Rectangle对象

    package geometry.shapes
    
    import java.util.Random
    
    class Rectangle(val height: Int, val width: Int) {
        val isSquare: Boolean
            get() = height == width
    }
    
    fun createRandomRectangle(): Rectangle {
        val random = Random()
        return Rectangle(random.nextInt(), random.nextInt())
    }
    
    
    

    封装个日期工具类

    package jason.chen.mini_springboot.restful.utils
    
    import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
    import java.util.*
    
    /**
     * Created by jack on 2017/3/11.
     * @author jack
     * @date 2017/03/11
     *
     *  val date = Date()
        date + 1 //后一天
        date - 1 //前一天
        date + Month(2) //后2月
        date - Year(3) //前3年
        date++  //本月的最后一天
        date--  //本月的第一天
        取年月日时分秒 date[0]  date[1] date[2] 。。。
    
        //日期比较
        if( date1 > date2){
    
        }
    
     */
    
    
    enum class DateOptUnit {
        YEAR,MONTH,DATE;
        fun parseType():Int{
            var value = Calendar.DATE
            when(this){
                YEAR -> value = Calendar.DATE
                MONTH -> value = Calendar.MONTH
                DATE ->  value = Calendar.DATE
            }
            return value
        }
    }
    
    data class DateOperator(val unit :DateOptUnit,val value: Int)
    
    fun Any.year(value:Int):DateOperator {
        return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.YEAR,value)
    }
    
    fun Any.month(value:Int):DateOperator {
        return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.MONTH,value)
    }
    
    fun Any.day(value:Int):DateOperator {
        return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.DATE,value)
    }
    
    /**
     * date+1
     * 往后的几天
     */
    operator fun Date.plus(nextVal:Int):Date{
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.add(Calendar.DATE, nextVal)
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * date-1
     */
    operator fun Date.minus(nextVal:Int):Date{
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.add(Calendar.DATE, nextVal*-1)
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * date+year(3)
     * 往后的几天
     */
    operator fun Date.plus(nextVal:DateOperator):Date{
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.add(nextVal.unit.parseType(), nextVal.value)
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * date-month(4)
     */
    operator fun Date.minus(nextVal:DateOperator):Date{
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.add(nextVal.unit.parseType(), nextVal.value*-1)
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * 得到月末
     */
    operator fun Date.inc():Date {
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.add(Calendar.MONTH, 1);
        calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 0);
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * 得到月初
     */
    operator fun Date.dec():Date {
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1)
        return calendar.time
    }
    
    /**
     * 取 年月日时分秒 0 - 5
     * 例如 2015-12-21 22:15:56
     * date[0]:2015  date[1]:12 date[2]:21
     */
    operator fun Date.get(position:Int):Int {
        val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
        calendar.time = this
        var value = 0
        when(position) {
            0 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR)
            1 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)+1
            2 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)
            3 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR)
            4 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE)
            5 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND)
        }
        return value
    }
    
    /**
     * 比较2个日期
     * if(date1 > date2) {
     * }
     */
    
    operator fun Date.compareTo(compareDate : Date):Int {
        return (time - compareDate.time).toInt()
    }
    
    /**
     * 日期转化为字符串
     */
    fun Date.stringFormat(formatType:String):String{
        return SimpleDateFormat(formatType).format(this)
    }
    
    
    
    

    示例代码1

    /**
     * This example introduces a concept that we call destructuring declarations.
     * It creates multiple variable at once. Anything can be on the right-hand
     * side of a destructuring declaration, as long as the required number of component
     * functions can be called on it.
     * See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multi-declarations.html#multi-declarations
     */
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        val pair = Pair(1, "one")
    
        val (num, name) = pair
    
        println("num = $num, name = $name")
    }
    
    class Pair<K, V>(val first: K, val second: V) {
        operator fun component1(): K {
            return first
        }
    
        operator fun component2(): V {
            return second
        }
    }
    
    

    示例代码2

    
    /**
     *  Data class gets component functions, one for each property declared
     *  in the primary constructor, generated automatically, same for all the
     *  other goodies common for data: toString(), equals(), hashCode() and copy().
     *  See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/data-classes.html#data-classes
     */
    
    data class User(val name: String, val id: Int)
    
    fun getUser(): User {
        return User("Alex", 1)
    }
    
    fun main(args: Array<String>) {
        val user = getUser()
        println("name = ${user.name}, id = ${user.id}")
    
        // or
    
        val (name, id) = getUser()
        println("name = $name, id = $id")
    
        // or
    
        println("name = ${getUser().component1()}, id = ${getUser().component2()}")
    }
    

    类和继承

    类声明Kotlin使用关键字*class *{:.keyword}

    class Invoice {
    }
    

    这个类声明被花括号包围,包括类名、类头(指定其类型参数,主构造函数等)和这个类的主干。类头和主干都是可选的;
    如果这个类没有主干,花括号可以被省略。

    class Empty
    

    构造

    在Kotlin中的类可以有主构造函数和一个或多个二级构造函数。主构造函数是类头的一部分:它跟在这个类名后面(和可选的类型参数)

    class Person constructor(firstName: String) {
    }
    

    如果这个主构造函数没有任何注解或者可见的修饰符,这个constructor{: .keyword }关键字可以被省略

    class Person(firstName: String) {
    }
    

    这个主构造函数不能包含任何的代码。初始化的代码可以被放置在initializer blocks(初始的模块),以init为前缀作为关键字{:.keyword}

    class Customer(name: String) {
        init {
            logger.info("Customer initialized with value ${name}")
        }
    }
    

    请注意,主构造的参数可以在初始化模块中使用。它们也可以在类体内声明初始化的属性:

    class Customer(name: String) {
        val customerKey = name.toUpperCase()
    }
    

    事实上,声明属性和初始化主构造函数,Kotlin有简洁的语法:

    class Person(val firstName: String, val lastName: String, var age: Int) {
      // ...
    }
    

    与普通属性一样,主构造函数中声明的属性可以是可变的或者是只读的

    If the constructor has annotations or visibility modifiers, the constructor{: .keyword } keyword is required, and
    the modifiers go before it:
    如果构造函数有注解或可见性修饰符,这个constructor{: .keyword }需要被关键字修饰。

    class Customer public inject constructor(name: String) { ... }
    

    更多请查看Visibility Modifiers

    扩展构造函数

    类也可以拥有被称为"二级构造函数"(为了实现Kotlin向Java一样拥有多个构造函数),通常被加上前缀"constructor"

    class Person {
        constructor(parent: Person) {
            parent.children.add(this)
        }
    }
    

    如果类有一个主构造函数,每个二级构造函数需要委托给主构造函数,直接或间接地通过另一个二级函数。
    委托到另一个使用同一个类的构造函数用this{: .keyword }关键字

    class Person(val name: String) {
        constructor(name: String, parent: Person) : this(name) {
            parent.children.add(this)
        }
    }
    

    如果一个非抽象类没有声明任何构造函数(原发性或继发性),这将有一个生成的主构造函数不带参数。构造函数的可见性是public。如果你不希望你的类有一个公共构造函数,你需要声明与非缺省可见一个空的主构造函数:

    class DontCreateMe private constructor () {
    }
    

    注意在JVM上,如果所有的主构造函数的参数有默认值,编译器会产生一个额外的参数的构造函数,将使用默认值。
    这使得更易于使用kotlin与通过参数构造函数创建类的实例,如使用Jackson或JPA库的时候。

    class Customer(val customerName: String = "")
    

    {:.info}

    创建类的实例

    要创建一个类的实例,我们调用构造函数,就好像它是普通的函数:

    val invoice = Invoice()
    
    val customer = Customer("Joe Smith")
    

    注意Kotlin不能有“new”关键字

    类成员

    类可以包括

    继承

    在Kotlin所有的类中都有一个共同的父类Any,这是一个默认的父类且没有父类型声明:

    class Example // Implicitly inherits from Any
    

    Any不属于java.lang.Object;特别是,它并没有任何其他任何成员,甚至连equals()hashCode()toString()都没有。

    请参阅Java的互操作性更多的细节部分。

    要声明一个明确的父类,我们把类型放到类头冒号之后:

    open class Base(p: Int)
    
    class Derived(p: Int) : Base(p)
    

    如上所见,父类可以(并且必须)在声明继承的地方,用原始构造函数初始化。

    如果类没有主构造,那么每个次级构造函数初始化基本类型
    使用super{:.keyword}关键字,或委托给另一个构造函数做到这一点。
    注意,在这种情况下,不同的二级构造函数可以调用基类型的不同的构造:

    class MyView : View {
        constructor(ctx: Context) : super(ctx) {
        }
    
        constructor(ctx: Context, attrs: AttributeSet) : super(ctx, attrs) {
        }
    }
    

    父类上的open{:.keyword}标注可以理解为Java中final{:.keyword}的反面,它允许其他他类
    从这个类中继承。默认情况下,在Kotlin所有的类都是final,
    对应于 Effective Java
    书中的17条:设计并显示标注继承,否则就禁止它

    覆盖成员

    我们之前提到过,Kotlin力求清晰显式。不像Java中,Kotlin需要明确的
    标注覆盖的成员(我们称之为open)和重写的函数。(继承父类并覆盖父类函数时,Kotlin要求父类必须有open标注,被覆盖的函数必须有open标注,并且子类的函数必须加override标注。):

    open class Base {
      open fun v() {}
      fun nv() {}
    }
    class Derived() : Base() {
      override fun v() {}
    }
    

    Derived.v()函数上必须加上override标注。如果没写,编译器将会报错。
    如果父类的这个函数没有标注open,则子类中不允许定义同名函数,不论加不加override
    在一个final类中(即没有声明open的类),函数上也不允许加open标注。

    成员标记为override{:.keyword}的本身是开放的,也就是说,它可以在子类中重写。如果你想禁止重写的,使用final{:.keyword}关键字:

    open class AnotherDerived() : Base() {
      final override fun v() {}
    }
    

    等等!!这样我怎么hack我的库?

    我们这样设计继承和覆盖的方式(类和成员默认final),会让人很难继承第三方的类,因此很难进行hack。

    我们认为这不是一个劣势,原因如下:

    • 最佳实践已经表明不应该使用这些hacks
    • 其他的有类似机制的语言(C++, C#)已经证明是成功的
    • 如果人们实在想hack,仍然有办法:比如某些情况下可以使用Java进行hack,再用Kotlin调用;或者使用面向切面的框架(Aspect)。(请参阅Java的互操作)

    重写的规则

    在Kotlin中,实现继承的调用通过以下规则:
    如果一个类继承父类成员的多种实现方法,可以直接在子类中引用,
    它必须重写这个成员,并提供其自己的实现(当然也可以使用父类的)。
    为了表示从中继承的实现而采取的父类型,我们使用super{:.keyword}在尖括号,如规范的父名super<Base>

    open class A {
      open fun f() { print("A") }
      fun a() { print("a") }
    }
    
    interface B {
      fun f() { print("B") } // interface members are 'open' by default
      fun b() { print("b") }
    }
    
    class C() : A(), B {
      // The compiler requires f() to be overridden:
      override fun f() {
        super<A>.f() // call to A.f()
        super<B>.f() // call to B.f()
      }
    }
    

    类C同时继承A和B是可以的,而且我们在调用a()和b()函数时没有任何问题,因为他们在C的基类中只有一个实现。
    但是f()函数则在A,B中都有实现,所以我们必须在C中覆盖f(),并且提供我们的实现以消除歧义。

    抽象类

    类和其中的某些实现可以声明为abstract{:.keyword}。
    抽象成员在本类中可以不用实现。。
    因此,当一些子类继承一个抽象的成员,它并不算是一个实现:

    abstract class A {
      abstract fun f()
    }
    
    interface B {
      open fun f() { print("B") }
    }
    
    class C() : A(), B {
      // We are not required to override f()
    }
    

    Note that we do not need to annotate an abstract class or function with open – it goes without saying.

    We can override a non-abstract open member with an abstract one

    需要注意的是,我们并不需要标注一个抽象类或者函数为open - 因为这不言而喻。

    我们可以重写一个open非抽象成员使之为抽象的。

    open class Base {
      open fun f() {}
    }
    
    abstract class Derived : Base() {
      override abstract fun f()
    }
    

    同伴对象

    在Kotlin中,不像Java或C#,类没有静态方法。在大多数情况下,它建议简单地使用包级函数。

    如果你需要写一个可以调用的函数,而不依赖一个类的实例,但需要访问的内部一个类(例如,一个工厂方法),你可以写为[对象声明](object_declarations.html)中的一员里面的那个类。

    更具体地讲,如果你声明一个同伴对象在你的的类中,
    你就可以在Java/ C#中调用与它的成员方法相同的语法的静态方法,只使用类名作为一个修饰语。

    代码示例

    java代码:

    package com.restfeel.config;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
    import org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer;
    
    /**
     * Created by santoshm1 on 04/06/14.
     *
     * Adds support for runtime property files. Run with -Dspring.profiles.active={production,default,development,test}
     * defaults to development.
     */
    
    @Configuration
    @PropertySource(value = {"classpath:common.properties"})
    public class PropertyConfig {
    
        public PropertyConfig() {}
    
        @Bean
        public static PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer myPropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer() {
            return new PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer();
        }
    
        /**
         * Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
         */
        @Configuration
        @Profile({"devlopment", "default"})
        @PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-development.properties"})
        static class Dev {
        }
    
        /**
         * Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
         */
        @Configuration
        @Profile("test")
        @PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-test.properties"})
        static class Test {
        }
    
        /**
         * Properties to support the 'production' mode of operation.
         */
        @Configuration
        @Profile("production")
        @PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-production.properties"})
        static class Production {
            // Define additional beans for this profile here
        }
    
    }
    
    

    对应的kotlin代码:

    package com.restfeel.config
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource
    import org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer
    
    /**
     * Created by jack on 2017/3/29.
     */
    
    @Configuration
    @PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:common.properties"))
    class ApplicationConfig {
    
        @Bean
        fun myPropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer(): PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer {
            return PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer();
        }
    
        //静态类,伴生对象
        companion object {
            /**
             * Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
             */
            @Configuration
            @Profile(*arrayOf("devlopment", "default"))
            @PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-development.properties"))
            class Dev {
            }
    
            /**
             * Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
             */
            @Configuration
            @Profile("test")
            @PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-test.properties"))
            class Test {
            }
    
            /**
             * Properties to support the 'production' mode of operation.
             */
            @Configuration
            @Profile("production")
            @PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-production.properties"))
            class Production {
                // Define additional beans for this profile here
            }
        }
    
    
    }
    

    参考文档:

    https://github.com/kymjs/KotlinDoc-cn/blob/master/unit3/ClassesInheritance.md

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