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前言
Django
和 Flask
是笔者最喜欢的两个 Python Web
框架,但两者定位截然不同
-
Django -> "More is less": 是 "大而全" 的重量级 Web 框架,其自带大量的常用工具和组件(比如数据库ORM组件、用户认证、权限管理、分页、缓存), 甚至还自带了管理后台Admin,适合快速开发功能完善的企业级网站
-
Flask -> "Less is more": 是一个轻便灵活又易于扩展的 "微" 框架,默认情况下,Django 自带的那些工具和组件,Flask 通通都没有,只提供一个非常简洁高效的 "路由组件"
平日里,做些小工具小应用啥的,笔者还是比较喜欢 Flask 的,借助这样小巧的微框架,数十分钟就能撸一个出来。
但是上升到写比较偏大型一点的应用,笔者一般选择的都是 Django。最主要的原因无非就是:它的 ORM
模块实在太好用了。
而在 Flask 中,用的最多 ORM
框架的还是 SQLAlchemy
,但是个人感觉其友好程度比不上 DjangoORM
。
所以笔者萌生了一个想法:Flask + DjangoORM
开工
手动创建项目
$ mkdir FlaskWithDjangoORM
用 pip
安装所需依赖库
$ pip install flask django mysqlclient
手动创建 app
应用
在标准的 Django 项目中,创建名为 app
的子应用,用到的命令为 $ python manage.py startapp app
,该命令生成的子应用其目录下,一般会有这么几个文件/目录:
-
migrations/
该目录存放数据库迁移文件 -
admin.py
该文件与管理后台相关 -
apps.py
该文件与子应用设置相关 -
models.py
该文件存放数据库模型 -
tests.py
该文件存放单元测试 -
views.py
该文件存放视图层代码
但如果我们只用 Django
的 ORM
模块的话,那么只需留下 migrations/
和 models.py
。故弃用命令,手动创建之:
$ cd FlaskWithDjangoORM
$ mkdir -p app/migrations
$ touch app/migrations/__init__.py
app
子应用初始化
$ cat >> app/__init__.py <<EOF
import os
from django.apps import apps
from django.conf import settings
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "settings")
apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
EOF
创建数据模型 Visit
,记录每一次 Web 请求访问的时间
$ cat >> app/models.py <<EOF
from django.db import models
class Visit(models.Model):
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True)
EOF
在 settings.py
内配置数据库连接(本文示例采用 MySQL
)
$ cat >> settings.py <<EOF
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'flask-with-django-orm-sample',
'USER': 'USERNAME',
'PASSWORD': 'PASSWORD',
'HOST': 'DATA_BASE_HOST',
'PORT': '3306',
'OPTIONS': {
'charset': 'utf8mb4',
# https://django-mysql.readthedocs.io/en/latest/checks.html#django-mysql-w002-innodb-strict-mode
'init_command': "SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', innodb_strict_mode=1",
},
}
}
INSTALLED_APPS = ('app',)
SECRET_KEY = 'SOME_SECRET_KEY'
EOF
配置 manage.py
管理工具
这里从 标准的 Django 项目中搬运过来(需略改 setdefault
的参数)
$ cat >> manage.py <<EOF
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Django's command-line utility for administrative tasks."""
import os
import sys
def main():
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'settings')
try:
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
except ImportError as exc:
raise ImportError(
"Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and "
"available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you "
"forget to activate a virtual environment?"
) from exc
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
EOF
至此,我们看一下目录结构:
.
├── app
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ └── models.py
├── manage.py
└── settings.py
仅这些文件,已经足以满足 Django ORM
运行的全部所需
将本地数据模型同步到数据库
创建迁移文件
$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'app':
app/migrations/0001_initial.py
- Create model Visit
执行迁移
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: app
Running migrations:
Applying app.0001_initial... OK
查看一下数据库
mysql> show databases;
+------------------------------+
| Database |
+------------------------------+
| flask-with-django-orm-sample |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
+------------------------------+
3 rows in set (1.23 sec)
选择数据库并罗列所有数据库表
mysql> use flask-with-django-orm-sample;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------------------------------+
| Tables_in_flask-with-django-orm-sample |
+----------------------------------------+
| app_visit |
| django_migrations |
+----------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.04 sec)
我们可以看到有一个迁移表 django_migrations
,记录的是数据模型变更迁移的所有记录。
我们查询一下该表,可以看到已存在 0001_initial
这条记录,与之前运行 makemigrations
所生成的迁移文件 app/migrations/0001_initial.py
相吻合
mysql> select * from django_migrations;
+----+-----+--------------+----------------------------+
| id | app | name | applied |
+----+-----+--------------+----------------------------+
| 1 | app | 0001_initial | 2020-12-20 08:01:16.618904 |
+----+-----+--------------+----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.22 sec)
看一下 app_visit
表结构,与我们在 app/models.py
里定义的 Visit
相吻合(Django ORM 默认创建的表名为 子应用名_数据模型类名
)
mysql> desc app_visit;
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| created_at | datetime(6) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.25 sec)
创建 server.py
作为 flask
的主文件
$ cat >> server.py <<EOF
from flask import Flask
from app.models import Visit
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def index():
Visit.objects.create()
return str(Visit.objects.count())
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
EOF
将 server.py
运行起来
$ python server.py
* Serving Flask app "server" (lazy loading)
* Environment: production
WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
Use a production WSGI server instead.
* Debug mode: off
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
测试效果
在新终端多次访问 localhost:5000/
,可以看到返回从 1
开始依次递增
查看下程序日志
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:52:56] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:52:58] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:00] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:01] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:03] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:04] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:05] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:06] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:07] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:08] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:12] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:13] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:14] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:16] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:17] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:18] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:19] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [20/Dec/2020 09:53:26] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
再检查一下数据库
mysql> select * from app_visit;
+----+----------------------------+
| id | created_at |
+----+----------------------------+
| 1 | 2020-12-20 09:52:56.660151 |
| 2 | 2020-12-20 09:52:58.761042 |
| 3 | 2020-12-20 09:53:00.393140 |
| 4 | 2020-12-20 09:53:01.811832 |
| 5 | 2020-12-20 09:53:03.216767 |
| 6 | 2020-12-20 09:53:04.471404 |
| 7 | 2020-12-20 09:53:05.639631 |
| 8 | 2020-12-20 09:53:06.790564 |
| 9 | 2020-12-20 09:53:07.823484 |
| 10 | 2020-12-20 09:53:08.836709 |
| 11 | 2020-12-20 09:53:12.069902 |
| 12 | 2020-12-20 09:53:13.293624 |
| 13 | 2020-12-20 09:53:14.799734 |
| 14 | 2020-12-20 09:53:15.993364 |
| 15 | 2020-12-20 09:53:17.022426 |
| 16 | 2020-12-20 09:53:18.141073 |
| 17 | 2020-12-20 09:53:19.499833 |
| 18 | 2020-12-20 09:53:26.608735 |
+----+----------------------------+
18 rows in set (0.02 sec)
日志里的访问记录和数据库里存储的访问记录,完全一致,大功告成!收工睡觉!
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