美文网首页大数据 爬虫Python AI SqlPython学习
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本

Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本

作者: 1a076099f916 | 来源:发表于2019-01-23 13:47 被阅读2次

    作为一种便捷地收集网上信息并从中抽取出可用信息的方式,网络爬虫技术变得越来越有用。使用Python这样的简单编程语言,你可以使用少量编程技能就可以爬取复杂的网站。


    如果手机上显示代码错乱,请分享到QQ或者其他地方,用电脑查看!!!


    python能干的东西有很多,这里不再过多叙述,直接重点干货。


    什么是Requests

    进群:700341555获取Python学习资料

    Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的,采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库

    如果你看过上篇文章关于urllib库的使用,你会发现,其实urllib还是非常不方便的,而Requests它会比urllib更加方便,可以节约我们大量的工作。(用了requests之后,你基本都不愿意用urllib了)一句话,requests是python实现的最简单易用的HTTP库,建议爬虫使用requests库。

    默认安装好python之后,是没有安装requests模块的,需要单独通过pip安装

    requests功能详解

    总体功能的一个演示

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
    print(type(response))
    print(response.status_code)
    print(type(response.text))
    print(response.text)
    print(response.cookies)
    print(response.content)
    print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))</pre>

    我们可以看出response使用起来确实非常方便,这里有个问题需要注意一下:

    很多情况下的网站如果直接response.text会出现乱码的问题,所以这个使用response.content

    这样返回的数据格式其实是二进制格式,然后通过decode()转换为utf-8,这样就解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题.

    请求发出后,Requests 会基于 HTTP 头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问 response.text 之时,Requests 会使用其推测的文本编码。你可以找出 Requests 使用了什么编码,并且能够使用 r.encoding 属性来改变它.如:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
    response.encoding="utf-8"
    print(response.text)</pre>

    不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8)的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生

    各种请求方式

    requests里提供个各种请求方式

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
    requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
    requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
    requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
    requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")</pre>

    请求

    基本GET请求

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get('
    print(response.text)</pre>

    带参数的GET请求,例子1

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("
    print(response.text)</pre>

    如果我们想要在URL查询字符串传递数据,通常我们会通过httpbin.org/get?key=val方式传递。Requests模块允许使用params关键字传递参数,以一个字典来传递这些参数,例子如下:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    data = {
    "name":"zhaofan",
    "age":22
    }
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)
    print(response.url)
    print(response.text)</pre>

    上述两种的结果是相同的,通过params参数传递一个字典内容,从而直接构造url

    注意:第二种方式通过字典的方式的时候,如果字典中的参数为None则不会添加到url上

    解析json

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    import json
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
    print(type(response.text))
    print(response.json())
    print(json.loads(response.text))
    print(type(response.json()))</pre>

    从结果可以看出requests里面集成的json其实就是执行了json.loads()方法,两者的结果是一样的

    获取二进制数据

    在上面提到了response.content,这样获取的数据是二进制数据,同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及

    视频资源

    添加headers

    和前面我们将urllib模块的时候一样,我们同样可以定制headers的信息,如当我们直接通过requests请求知乎网站的时候,默认是无法访问的

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response =requests.get("
    print(response.text)</pre>

    这样会得到如下的错误

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    因为访问知乎需要头部信息,这个时候我们在谷歌浏览器里输入chrome://version,就可以看到用户代理,将用户代理添加到头部信息

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    headers = {
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36"
    }
    response =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers)
    print(response.text)</pre>

    这样就可以正常的访问知乎了

    基本POST请求

    通过在发送post请求时添加一个data参数,这个data参数可以通过字典构造成,这样

    对于发送post请求就非常方便

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    data = {
    "name":"zhaofan",
    "age":23
    }
    response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)
    print(response.text)</pre>

    同样的在发送post请求的时候也可以和发送get请求一样通过headers参数传递一个字典类型的数据

    响应

    我们可以通过response获得很多属性,例子如下

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
    print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
    print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
    print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
    print(type(response.url),response.url)
    print(type(response.history),response.history)</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    状态码判断

    Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象

    主要有如下内容:

    100: ('continue',),

    101: ('switching_protocols',),

    102: ('processing',),

    103: ('checkpoint',),

    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),

    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', 'o/', '✓'),

    201: ('created',),

    202: ('accepted',),

    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),

    204: ('no_content',),

    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),

    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),

    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),

    208: ('already_reported',),

    226: ('im_used',),

    Redirection.

    300: ('multiple_choices',),

    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', 'o-'),

    302: ('found',),

    303: ('see_other', 'other'),

    304: ('not_modified',),

    305: ('use_proxy',),

    306: ('switch_proxy',),

    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),

    308: ('permanent_redirect',

    'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

    Client Error.

    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),

    401: ('unauthorized',),

    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),

    403: ('forbidden',),

    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),

    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),

    406: ('not_acceptable',),

    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),

    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),

    409: ('conflict',),

    410: ('gone',),

    411: ('length_required',),

    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),

    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),

    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),

    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),

    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),

    417: ('expectation_failed',),

    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),

    421: ('misdirected_request',),

    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),

    423: ('locked',),

    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),

    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),

    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),

    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),

    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),

    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),

    444: ('no_response', 'none'),

    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),

    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),

    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),

    499: ('client_closed_request',),

    Server Error.

    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o', '✗'),

    501: ('not_implemented',),

    502: ('bad_gateway',),

    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),

    504: ('gateway_timeout',),

    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),

    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),

    507: ('insufficient_storage',),

    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),

    510: ('not_extended',),

    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

    通过下面例子测试:(不过通常还是通过状态码判断更方便)

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response= requests.get("
    if response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
    print("访问成功")</pre>

    requests高级用法

    文件上传

    实现方法和其他参数类似,也是构造一个字典然后通过files参数传递

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    files= {"files":open("git.jpeg","rb")}
    response = requests.post("
    print(response.text)</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    获取cookie

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
    print(response.cookies)
    for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key+"="+value)</pre>

    会话维持

    cookie的一个作用就是可以用于模拟登陆,做会话维持

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    s = requests.Session()
    s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
    response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")print(response.text)</pre>

    这是正确的写法,而下面的写法则是错误的

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
    response = requests.get("
    print(response.text)</pre>

    因为这种方式是两次requests请求之间是独立的,而第一次则是通过创建一个session对象,两次请求都通过这个对象访问

    证书验证

    现在的很多网站都是https的方式访问,所以这个时候就涉及到证书的问题

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("https:/
    print(response.status_code)</pre>

    默认的12306网站的证书是不合法的,这样就会提示如下错误

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    为了避免这种情况的发生可以通过verify=False

    但是这样是可以访问到页面,但是会提示:

    InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings InsecureRequestWarning)

    解决方法为:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requestsfrom requests.packages import urllib3
    urllib3.disable_warnings()
    response = requests.get("
    print(response.status_code)</pre>

    这样就不会提示警告信息,当然也可以通过cert参数放入证书路径

    代理设置

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    proxies= {
    "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9999",
    "https":"http://127.0.0.1:8888"
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxies)
    print(response.text)</pre>

    如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下:

    proxies = {

    "http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"

    }

    如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"

    proxies= {

    "http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",

    "https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"

    }

    超时设置

    通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间

    认证设置

    如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
    response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
    print(response.status_code)</pre>

    当然这里还有一种方式

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    response = requests.get("
    print(response.status_code)</pre>

    异常处理

    关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容:

    http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions

    所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,

    HTTPError,ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionException

    ProxyError,SSLError继承ConnectionError

    ReadTimeout继承Timeout异常

    这里列举了一些常用的异常继承关系,详细的可以看:

    http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException

    通过下面的例子进行简单的演示

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException
    try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timout=0.1)
    print(response.status_code)
    except ReadTimeout:
    print("timeout")
    except ConnectionError:
    print("connection Error")
    except RequestException:
    print("error")</pre>

    其实最后测试可以发现,首先被捕捉的异常是timeout,当把网络断掉的haul就会捕捉到ConnectionError,如果前面异常都没有捕捉到,最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到。



    什么是正则表达式

    正则表达式是对字符串操作的一种逻辑公式,就是事先定义好的一些特定字符、及这些特定字符的组合,组成 个“规则字符”,这个“规则字符” 来表达对字符的种过滤逻辑。

    正则并不是python独有的,其他语言也都有正则

    python中的正则,封装了re模块

    python正则的详细讲解

    常用的匹配模式

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">w 匹配字母数字及下划线
    W 匹配f非字母数字下划线
    s 匹配任意空白字符,等价于[

    ]
    S 匹配任意非空字符
    d 匹配任意数字
    D 匹配任意非数字
    A 匹配字符串开始
    Z 匹配字符串结束,如果存在换行,只匹配换行前的结束字符串
    z 匹配字符串结束
    G 匹配最后匹配完成的位置

    匹配一个换行符
    匹配一个制表符
    ^ 匹配字符串的开头
    $ 匹配字符串的末尾
    . 匹配任意字符,除了换行符,re.DOTALL标记被指定时,则可以匹配包括换行符的任意字符
    [....] 用来表示一组字符,单独列出:[amk]匹配a,m或k
    [^...] 不在[]中的字符:[^abc]匹配除了a,b,c之外的字符

    • 匹配0个或多个的表达式
    • 匹配1个或者多个的表达式
      ? 匹配0个或1个由前面的正则表达式定义的片段,非贪婪方式
      {n} 精确匹配n前面的表示
      {m,m} 匹配n到m次由前面的正则表达式定义片段,贪婪模式
      a|b 匹配a或者b
      () 匹配括号内的表达式,也表示一个组</pre>

    re.match()

    尝试从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式,如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话,match()就会返回None

    语法格式:

    re.match(pattern,string,flags=0)

    最常规的匹配

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= "hello 123 4567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match('^hellosdddsd{4}sw{10}.*Demo/pre>,content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())
    print(result.span())</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    result.group()获取匹配的结果

    result.span()获去匹配字符串的长度范围

    泛匹配

    其实相对来说上面的方式并不是非常方便,其实可以将上述的正则规则进行更改

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= "hello 123 4567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match("^hello.*Demo$",content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())
    print(result.span())</pre>

    这段代码的结果和上面常规匹配的结果是一样的,但是写起来会方便很多

    匹配目标

    如果为了匹配字符串中具体的目标,则需要通过()括起来,例子如下:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= "hello 1234567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match('^hellos(d+)sWorld.*Demo/pre>,content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())
    print(result.group(1))
    print(result.span())</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    这里需要说一下的是通过re.group()获得结果后,如果正则表达式中有括号,则re.group(1)获取的就是第一个括号中匹配的结果

    贪婪匹配

    先看下面代码:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= "hello 1234567 World_This is a regex Demo"result= re.match('^hello.(d+).Demo',content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group(1))</pre>

    这段代码的结果是

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    从结果中可以看出只匹配到了7,并没有匹配到1234567,出现这种情况的原因是前面的.* 给匹配掉了, .*在这里会尽可能的匹配多的内容,也就是我们所说的贪婪匹配,

    如果我们想要匹配到1234567则需要将正则表达式改为:

    result= re.match('^he.?(d+).Demo',content)

    这样结果就可以匹配到1234567

    匹配模式

    很多时候匹配的内容是存在换行的问题的,这个时候的就需要用到匹配模式re.S来匹配换行的内容

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content = """hello 123456 world_this
    my name is zhaofan
    """
    result =re.match('^he.?(d+).?zhaofan/pre>,content,re.S)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())
    print(result.group(1))</pre>

    结果如下

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    转义

    当我们要匹配的内容中存在特殊字符的时候,就需要用到转移符号,例子如下:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= "price is 5.00" result = re.match('price is5.00',content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())</pre>

    对上面的一个小结:

    尽量使用泛匹配,使用括号得到匹配目标,尽量使用非贪婪模式,有换行符就用re.S

    强调re.match是从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式

    re.search

    re.search扫描整个字符串返回第一个成功匹配的结果

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content = "extra things hello 123455 world_this is a Re Extra things"
    result = re.search("hello.?(d+).?Re",content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())
    print(result.group(1))</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    其实这个时候我们就不需要在写^以及$,因为search是扫描整个字符串

    注意:所以为了匹配方便,我们会更多的用search,不用match,match必须匹配头部,所以很多时候不是特别方便

    匹配演练

    例子1:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    html = '''<div id="songs-list">
    <h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
    <p class="introduction">
    经典老歌列表
    </p>
    <ul id="list" class="list-group">
    <li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
    <li data-view="7">
    <a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="4" class="active">
    <a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
    <li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
    <li data-view="5">
    <a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>'''
    result = re.search('<li.?active.?singer="(.?)">(.?)</a>',html,re.S)
    print(result)
    print(result.groups())
    print(result.group(1))
    print(result.group(2))</pre>

    结果为:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    re.findall

    搜索字符串,以列表的形式返回全部能匹配的子串

    代码例子如下:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    html = '''<div id="songs-list">
    <h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
    <p class="introduction">
    经典老歌列表
    </p>
    <ul id="list" class="list-group">
    <li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
    <li data-view="7">
    <a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="4" class="active">
    <a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
    <li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
    <li data-view="5">
    <a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>'''
    results = re.findall('<li.?href="(.?)".?singer="(.?)">(.*?)</a>', html, re.S)
    print(results)
    print(type(results))
    for result in results:
    print(result)
    print(result[0], result[1], result[2])</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    例子2:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    html = '''<div id="songs-list">
    <h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
    <p class="introduction">
    经典老歌列表
    </p>
    <ul id="list" class="list-group">
    <li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
    <li data-view="7">
    <a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="4" class="active">
    <a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
    </li>
    <li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
    <li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
    <li data-view="5">
    <a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>'''
    results = re.findall('<li.?>s?(<a.?>)?(w+)(</a>)?s?</li>',html,re.S)
    print(results)
    for result in results:
    print(result[1])</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    其实这里我们就可以看出

    s*? 这种用法其实就是为了解决有的有换行,有的没有换行的问题

    (<a.*?>)? 这种用法是因为html中有的有a标签,有的没有的,?表示匹配一个或0个,正好可以用于匹配

    re.sub

    替换字符串中每一个匹配的子串后返回替换后的字符串

    re.sub(正则表达式,替换成的字符串,原字符串)

    例子1

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content = "Extra things hello 123455 World_this is a regex Demo extra things"
    content = re.sub('d+','',content)
    print(content)</pre>

    结果会将数字替换为为空:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    例子2,在有些情况下我们替换字符的时候,还想获取我们匹配的字符串,然后在后面添加一些内容,可以通过下面方式实现:

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content = "Extra things hello 123455 World_this is a regex Demo extra things"
    content = re.sub('(d+)',r'� 7890',content)
    print(content)</pre>

    结果如下:

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    这里需要注意的一个问题是�是获取第一个匹配的结果,为了防止转义字符的问题,我们需要在前面加上r

    re.compile

    将正则表达式编译成正则表达式对象,方便复用该正则表达式

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
    content= """hello 12345 world_this
    fan
    """
    pattern =re.compile("hello.*fan",re.S)
    result = re.match(pattern,content)
    print(result)
    print(result.group())</pre>

    正则的一个整体联系

    获取豆瓣网书籍的页面的书籍信息,通过正则实现

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    <pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
    import re
    content = requests.get('https://book.douban.com/').text
    pattern = re.compile('<li.?cover.?href="(.?)".?title="(.?)".?more-meta.?author">(.?)</span>.?year">(.?)</span>.*?</li>', re.S)
    results = re.findall(pattern, content)
    print(results)
    for result in results:
    url,name,author,date = result
    author = re.sub('s','',author)
    date = re.sub('s','',date)
    print(url,name,author,date)</pre>

    结果如下

    Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)

    以上是全部内容,只是善于分享,不足之处请包涵!爬虫基本的原理就是,获取源码,进而获取网页内容。一般来说,只要你给一个入口,通过分析,可以找到无限个其他相关的你需要的资源,进而进行爬取。


    我也写了很多其他的非常简单的入门级的爬虫详细教程,关注后,点击我的头像,就可以查看到。


    欢迎大家一起留言讨论和交流,谢谢!

    相关文章

      网友评论

        本文标题:Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本

        本文链接:https://www.haomeiwen.com/subject/qfvjjqtx.html