作为一种便捷地收集网上信息并从中抽取出可用信息的方式,网络爬虫技术变得越来越有用。使用Python这样的简单编程语言,你可以使用少量编程技能就可以爬取复杂的网站。
如果手机上显示代码错乱,请分享到QQ或者其他地方,用电脑查看!!!
python能干的东西有很多,这里不再过多叙述,直接重点干货。
什么是Requests
进群:700341555获取Python学习资料
Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的,采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库
如果你看过上篇文章关于urllib库的使用,你会发现,其实urllib还是非常不方便的,而Requests它会比urllib更加方便,可以节约我们大量的工作。(用了requests之后,你基本都不愿意用urllib了)一句话,requests是python实现的最简单易用的HTTP库,建议爬虫使用requests库。
默认安装好python之后,是没有安装requests模块的,需要单独通过pip安装
requests功能详解
总体功能的一个演示
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)
print(response.content)
print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))</pre>
我们可以看出response使用起来确实非常方便,这里有个问题需要注意一下:
很多情况下的网站如果直接response.text会出现乱码的问题,所以这个使用response.content
这样返回的数据格式其实是二进制格式,然后通过decode()转换为utf-8,这样就解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题.
请求发出后,Requests 会基于 HTTP 头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问 response.text 之时,Requests 会使用其推测的文本编码。你可以找出 Requests 使用了什么编码,并且能够使用 r.encoding 属性来改变它.如:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
response.encoding="utf-8"
print(response.text)</pre>
不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8)的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生
各种请求方式
requests里提供个各种请求方式
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")</pre>
请求
基本GET请求
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get('
print(response.text)</pre>
带参数的GET请求,例子1
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("
print(response.text)</pre>
如果我们想要在URL查询字符串传递数据,通常我们会通过httpbin.org/get?key=val方式传递。Requests模块允许使用params关键字传递参数,以一个字典来传递这些参数,例子如下:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
data = {
"name":"zhaofan",
"age":22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)
print(response.url)
print(response.text)</pre>
上述两种的结果是相同的,通过params参数传递一个字典内容,从而直接构造url
注意:第二种方式通过字典的方式的时候,如果字典中的参数为None则不会添加到url上
解析json
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
import json
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))</pre>
从结果可以看出requests里面集成的json其实就是执行了json.loads()方法,两者的结果是一样的
获取二进制数据
在上面提到了response.content,这样获取的数据是二进制数据,同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及
视频资源
添加headers
和前面我们将urllib模块的时候一样,我们同样可以定制headers的信息,如当我们直接通过requests请求知乎网站的时候,默认是无法访问的
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response =requests.get("
print(response.text)</pre>
这样会得到如下的错误
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)因为访问知乎需要头部信息,这个时候我们在谷歌浏览器里输入chrome://version,就可以看到用户代理,将用户代理添加到头部信息
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
headers = {
"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36"
}
response =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers)
print(response.text)</pre>
这样就可以正常的访问知乎了
基本POST请求
通过在发送post请求时添加一个data参数,这个data参数可以通过字典构造成,这样
对于发送post请求就非常方便
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
data = {
"name":"zhaofan",
"age":23
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)
print(response.text)</pre>
同样的在发送post请求的时候也可以和发送get请求一样通过headers参数传递一个字典类型的数据
响应
我们可以通过response获得很多属性,例子如下
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
print(type(response.history),response.history)</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)状态码判断
Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象
主要有如下内容:
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', 'o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', 'o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
通过下面例子测试:(不过通常还是通过状态码判断更方便)
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response= requests.get("
if response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
print("访问成功")</pre>
requests高级用法
文件上传
实现方法和其他参数类似,也是构造一个字典然后通过files参数传递
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
files= {"files":open("git.jpeg","rb")}
response = requests.post("
print(response.text)</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)获取cookie
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
print(key+"="+value)</pre>
会话维持
cookie的一个作用就是可以用于模拟登陆,做会话维持
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")print(response.text)</pre>
这是正确的写法,而下面的写法则是错误的
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
response = requests.get("
print(response.text)</pre>
因为这种方式是两次requests请求之间是独立的,而第一次则是通过创建一个session对象,两次请求都通过这个对象访问
证书验证
现在的很多网站都是https的方式访问,所以这个时候就涉及到证书的问题
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("https:/
print(response.status_code)</pre>
默认的12306网站的证书是不合法的,这样就会提示如下错误
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)为了避免这种情况的发生可以通过verify=False
但是这样是可以访问到页面,但是会提示:
InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings InsecureRequestWarning)
解决方法为:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requestsfrom requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get("
print(response.status_code)</pre>
这样就不会提示警告信息,当然也可以通过cert参数放入证书路径
代理设置
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
proxies= {
"http":"http://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"http://127.0.0.1:8888"
}
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxies)
print(response.text)</pre>
如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下:
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"
}
如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}
超时设置
通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间
认证设置
如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)</pre>
当然这里还有一种方式
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
response = requests.get("
print(response.status_code)</pre>
异常处理
关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容:
http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions
所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,
HTTPError,ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionException
ProxyError,SSLError继承ConnectionError
ReadTimeout继承Timeout异常
这里列举了一些常用的异常继承关系,详细的可以看:
http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException
通过下面的例子进行简单的演示
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timout=0.1)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print("timeout")
except ConnectionError:
print("connection Error")
except RequestException:
print("error")</pre>
其实最后测试可以发现,首先被捕捉的异常是timeout,当把网络断掉的haul就会捕捉到ConnectionError,如果前面异常都没有捕捉到,最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到。
什么是正则表达式
正则表达式是对字符串操作的一种逻辑公式,就是事先定义好的一些特定字符、及这些特定字符的组合,组成 个“规则字符”,这个“规则字符” 来表达对字符的种过滤逻辑。
正则并不是python独有的,其他语言也都有正则
python中的正则,封装了re模块
python正则的详细讲解
常用的匹配模式
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">w 匹配字母数字及下划线
W 匹配f非字母数字下划线
s 匹配任意空白字符,等价于[
]
S 匹配任意非空字符
d 匹配任意数字
D 匹配任意非数字
A 匹配字符串开始
Z 匹配字符串结束,如果存在换行,只匹配换行前的结束字符串
z 匹配字符串结束
G 匹配最后匹配完成的位置
匹配一个换行符
匹配一个制表符
^ 匹配字符串的开头
$ 匹配字符串的末尾
. 匹配任意字符,除了换行符,re.DOTALL标记被指定时,则可以匹配包括换行符的任意字符
[....] 用来表示一组字符,单独列出:[amk]匹配a,m或k
[^...] 不在[]中的字符:[^abc]匹配除了a,b,c之外的字符
- 匹配0个或多个的表达式
- 匹配1个或者多个的表达式
? 匹配0个或1个由前面的正则表达式定义的片段,非贪婪方式
{n} 精确匹配n前面的表示
{m,m} 匹配n到m次由前面的正则表达式定义片段,贪婪模式
a|b 匹配a或者b
() 匹配括号内的表达式,也表示一个组</pre>
re.match()
尝试从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式,如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话,match()就会返回None
语法格式:
re.match(pattern,string,flags=0)
最常规的匹配
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= "hello 123 4567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match('^hellosdddsd{4}sw{10}.*Demo/pre>,content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.span())</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)result.group()获取匹配的结果
result.span()获去匹配字符串的长度范围
泛匹配
其实相对来说上面的方式并不是非常方便,其实可以将上述的正则规则进行更改
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= "hello 123 4567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match("^hello.*Demo$",content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.span())</pre>
这段代码的结果和上面常规匹配的结果是一样的,但是写起来会方便很多
匹配目标
如果为了匹配字符串中具体的目标,则需要通过()括起来,例子如下:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= "hello 1234567 World_This is a regex Demo"result = re.match('^hellos(d+)sWorld.*Demo/pre>,content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.group(1))
print(result.span())</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)这里需要说一下的是通过re.group()获得结果后,如果正则表达式中有括号,则re.group(1)获取的就是第一个括号中匹配的结果
贪婪匹配
先看下面代码:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= "hello 1234567 World_This is a regex Demo"result= re.match('^hello.(d+).Demo',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))</pre>
这段代码的结果是
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)从结果中可以看出只匹配到了7,并没有匹配到1234567,出现这种情况的原因是前面的.* 给匹配掉了, .*在这里会尽可能的匹配多的内容,也就是我们所说的贪婪匹配,
如果我们想要匹配到1234567则需要将正则表达式改为:
result= re.match('^he.?(d+).Demo',content)
这样结果就可以匹配到1234567
匹配模式
很多时候匹配的内容是存在换行的问题的,这个时候的就需要用到匹配模式re.S来匹配换行的内容
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content = """hello 123456 world_this
my name is zhaofan
"""
result =re.match('^he.?(d+).?zhaofan/pre>,content,re.S)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.group(1))</pre>
结果如下
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)转义
当我们要匹配的内容中存在特殊字符的时候,就需要用到转移符号,例子如下:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= "price is 5.00',content)
print(result)
print(result.group())</pre>
对上面的一个小结:
尽量使用泛匹配,使用括号得到匹配目标,尽量使用非贪婪模式,有换行符就用re.S
强调re.match是从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式
re.search
re.search扫描整个字符串返回第一个成功匹配的结果
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content = "extra things hello 123455 world_this is a Re Extra things"
result = re.search("hello.?(d+).?Re",content)
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.group(1))</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)其实这个时候我们就不需要在写^以及$,因为search是扫描整个字符串
注意:所以为了匹配方便,我们会更多的用search,不用match,match必须匹配头部,所以很多时候不是特别方便
匹配演练
例子1:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
html = '''<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">
经典老歌列表
</p>
<ul id="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>'''
result = re.search('<li.?active.?singer="(.?)">(.?)</a>',html,re.S)
print(result)
print(result.groups())
print(result.group(1))
print(result.group(2))</pre>
结果为:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)re.findall
搜索字符串,以列表的形式返回全部能匹配的子串
代码例子如下:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
html = '''<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">
经典老歌列表
</p>
<ul id="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>'''
results = re.findall('<li.?href="(.?)".?singer="(.?)">(.*?)</a>', html, re.S)
print(results)
print(type(results))
for result in results:
print(result)
print(result[0], result[1], result[2])</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)例子2:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
html = '''<div id="songs-list">
<h2 class="title">经典老歌</h2>
<p class="introduction">
经典老歌列表
</p>
<ul id="list" class="list-group">
<li data-view="2">一路上有你</li>
<li data-view="7">
<a href="/2.mp3" singer="任贤齐">沧海一声笑</a>
</li>
<li data-view="4" class="active">
<a href="/3.mp3" singer="齐秦">往事随风</a>
</li>
<li data-view="6"><a href="/4.mp3" singer="beyond">光辉岁月</a></li>
<li data-view="5"><a href="/5.mp3" singer="陈慧琳">记事本</a></li>
<li data-view="5">
<a href="/6.mp3" singer="邓丽君">但愿人长久</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>'''
results = re.findall('<li.?>s?(<a.?>)?(w+)(</a>)?s?</li>',html,re.S)
print(results)
for result in results:
print(result[1])</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)其实这里我们就可以看出
s*? 这种用法其实就是为了解决有的有换行,有的没有换行的问题
(<a.*?>)? 这种用法是因为html中有的有a标签,有的没有的,?表示匹配一个或0个,正好可以用于匹配
re.sub
替换字符串中每一个匹配的子串后返回替换后的字符串
re.sub(正则表达式,替换成的字符串,原字符串)
例子1
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content = "Extra things hello 123455 World_this is a regex Demo extra things"
content = re.sub('d+','',content)
print(content)</pre>
结果会将数字替换为为空:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)例子2,在有些情况下我们替换字符的时候,还想获取我们匹配的字符串,然后在后面添加一些内容,可以通过下面方式实现:
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content = "Extra things hello 123455 World_this is a regex Demo extra things"
content = re.sub('(d+)',r'� 7890',content)
print(content)</pre>
结果如下:
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)这里需要注意的一个问题是�是获取第一个匹配的结果,为了防止转义字符的问题,我们需要在前面加上r
re.compile
将正则表达式编译成正则表达式对象,方便复用该正则表达式
<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import re
content= """hello 12345 world_this
fan
"""
pattern =re.compile("hello.*fan",re.S)
result = re.match(pattern,content)
print(result)
print(result.group())</pre>
正则的一个整体联系
获取豆瓣网书籍的页面的书籍信息,通过正则实现
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import requests
import re
content = requests.get('https://book.douban.com/').text
pattern = re.compile('<li.?cover.?href="(.?)".?title="(.?)".?more-meta.?author">(.?)</span>.?year">(.?)</span>.*?</li>', re.S)
results = re.findall(pattern, content)
print(results)
for result in results:
url,name,author,date = result
author = re.sub('s','',author)
date = re.sub('s','',date)
print(url,name,author,date)</pre>
结果如下
Python入门必学2个重点及精髓-Requests库~正则基本使用(附源码)以上是全部内容,只是善于分享,不足之处请包涵!爬虫基本的原理就是,获取源码,进而获取网页内容。一般来说,只要你给一个入口,通过分析,可以找到无限个其他相关的你需要的资源,进而进行爬取。
我也写了很多其他的非常简单的入门级的爬虫详细教程,关注后,点击我的头像,就可以查看到。
欢迎大家一起留言讨论和交流,谢谢!
网友评论