python requests库入门

作者: Cache_wood | 来源:发表于2021-10-04 00:44 被阅读0次

@[toc]

requests库安装

Windows平台

pip install requests

测试requests的安装

import requests

r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)

print(r.text)

200
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç¾åº¦ä¸ä¸ï¼ä½ å

requests库的7个主要方法

方法	说明
requests.request()	构造一个请求，支撑以下各方法的基础方法
requests.get()	获取HTML网页的主要方法，对应于HTTP的GET
requests.head()	获取HTML网页头信息的方法，对应于HTTP的HEAD
requests.post()	向HTML网页提交POST请求的方法，对应于HTTP的POST
requests.put()	向HTML网页提交PUT请求的方法，对应于HTTP的PUT
requests.patch()	向HTML网页提交局部修改请求，对应于HTTP的PATCH
requests.delete()	向HTML页面提交删除请求，对应于HTTP的DELETE

requests库的get()方法

requests.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)

url:拟获取页面的url链接
params:url中的额外参数，字典或字节流格式，可选
**kwargs:12个控制访问的参数

import requests

r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)
print(type(r))
print(r.headers)

200
<class 'requests.models.Response'>
{'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Fri, 27 Aug 2021 08:13:17 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}

response对象包含服务器返回的所有信息，也包含请求的request信息

response对象的属性

属性	说明
r.status_code	HTTP请求的返回状态，200表示连接成功，404表示失败
r.text	HTTP响应内容的字符串形式，即url对应的页面内容
r.encoding	从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容编码方式
r.apparent_encoding	从内容中分析出的响应内容编码方式
r.content	HTTP响应内容的二进制形式

import requests

r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)
print(r.text)
print(r.encoding)
print(r.apparent_encoding)
print(r.content)

=cp-feedback>æ
              è§åé¦</a>&nbsp;äº¬ICPè¯030173å·&nbsp; <img src=//www
.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

ISO-8859-1
utf-8
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=

r.encoding:如果header中不存在charset,则认为编码为ISO-8859-1,r.text根据r.encoding显示网页内容
r.apparent_encoding:根据网页内容分析出的编码方式，可以看做是r.encoding的备选

爬取网页的通用代码

import requests

def getHTMLText(url):
    try:
        r = requests.get(url,timeout=30)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return r.text
    except:
        return "产生异常"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    url = "http://www.baidu.com"
    print(getHTMLText(url))

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 clas/www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多 
产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使
用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

requests库的方法

requests库的head()方法

r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(r.headers)

{'Date': 'Fri, 27 Aug 2021 08:35:54 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '307', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Server': 'gunicorn/19.9.0', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true'}

requests库的post()方法

payload = {'key1':'value1','key2':'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=payload)
print(r.text)

PS E:\coding> python -u "e:\coding\pa.py"
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {
    "key1": "value1",
    "key2": "value2"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "23",
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.25.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-6128a52f-262035902ff7c33c4f61fe1b"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "36.142.152.189",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

向URL POST一个字典，自动编码为form（表单）
向URL POST一个字符串，自动编码为data

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