基本的main.go
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var helloStr string
helloStr = "Hello World!"
helloStr2 := helloStr
fmt.Println(helloStr)
fmt.Println(helloStr2)
}
# 输出
Hello World!
Hello World!
内置类型
-
布尔 :
bool -
整型 :
int int8 int16 int32 int64-
int根据操作系统决定是int32还是int64
-
-
无符号整型 :
uint uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64 uintptr-
uint根据操作系统决定是uint32还是uint64 -
uintptr是存储指针的uint32或uint64整数
-
-
整型变体 :
-
byte: uint8 的别名 -
rune: int32的别名,代表一个 Unicode码
-
-
指针 :
初始化:var aPtr *int = &aInt
初始化:var aPtr *int = new(int) -
浮点 :
float32float64 -
复数 :
complex64complex128 -
字符串 :
string -
数组(固定长度的数组) : 使用
[5]int表示
初始化:aArray := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} -
切片(长度不固定) : 使用
[]int表示
初始化:aSlice := []int{}
初始化:aSlice := make([]int, 0, 0) -
映射 : 使用
map[string]int表示
初始化:aMap := map[string]int{}
初始化:aMap := make(map[string]int, 8) -
管道 : 使用
chan int表示- 初始化:
aChannel := make(chan int) - 只读单向管道使用
<-chan int表示 - 只写单向管道使用
chan<- int表示
- 初始化:
-
结构体struct :
type Student struct {}- 其实是使用了
type {NewTypeName} {OldTypeName}语法, 创建自定义类型, 例如type MyInt int - 如果是
type MyInt = int则其实MyInt和int等价, 这被称为类型别名
- 其实是使用了
-
函数function :
-
error接口:
error, 任何实现了Error() String方法的对象都可以认为是error类型
error接口
type error interface {
Error() String
}
示例代码
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
aArray1 := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
aArray2 := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4}
fmt.Println("aArray1 is ", aArray1)
fmt.Println("aArray2 is ", aArray2)
fmt.Println("===============")
aSlice1 := []int{}
aSlice2 := make([]int, 10, 10)
fmt.Println("aSlice1 is ", aSlice1)
fmt.Println("aSlice2 is ", aSlice2)
fmt.Println("===============")
aMap1 := map[int]int{}
aMap2 := make(map[int]int, 8)
fmt.Println("aMap1 is ", aMap1)
fmt.Println("aMap2 is ", aMap2)
fmt.Println("===============")
var aChan1 chan int = make(chan int)
aChan2 := make(<-chan int)
aChan3 := make(chan<- int)
fmt.Println("aChan1 is ", aChan1)
fmt.Println("aChan2 is ", aChan2)
fmt.Println("aChan3 is ", aChan3)
fmt.Println("===============")
type Student struct {
age int
}
aStu := Student{}
fmt.Println("aStu is ", aStu)
fmt.Println("===============")
aFunc := func(a int, b int) int {
return a + b
}
fmt.Println("aFunc is ", aFunc)
fmt.Println("===============")
var aInterface interface{}
aInterface=aStu
fmt.Println("aInterface is ", aInterface)
}
# 输出
aArray1 is [1 2 3 4 5 6]
aArray2 is [1 2 3 4 0]
===============
aSlice1 is []
aSlice2 is [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
===============
aMap1 is map[]
aMap2 is map[]
===============
aChan1 is 0xc000052060
aChan2 is 0xc0000520c0
aChan3 is 0xc000052120
===============
aStu is {0}
===============
aFunc is 0x47cde0
===============
aInterface is {0}
内置函数
初始化变量的函数
-
make: 仅用于初始化slice,map,chan -
new: 仅用于初始化除slice,map,chan之外的其他类型的指针类型 - 除
slice,map,chan之外的其他类型声明即赋予相对于其类型的零值, 例如var aBool bool,aBool被赋予false
示例代码
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var aPointer *int
aPointer = new(int)
fmt.Println("aPointer is ", aPointer)
fmt.Println("===============")
var aSlice []int
aSlice = make([]int, 10, 10)
fmt.Println("aSlice is ", aSlice)
fmt.Println("===============")
var aMap map[int]int
aMap = make(map[int]int, 8)
fmt.Println("aMap is ", aMap)
fmt.Println("===============")
var aChan chan int
aChan = make(chan int)
fmt.Println("aChan is ", aChan)
}
# 输出
aPointer is 0xc0000aa058
===============
aSlice is [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
===============
aMap is map[]
===============
aChan is 0xc000086060
关于数组切片的函数
-
append: 向切片中追加元素 ,aSlice = append(aSlice, 1) -
len: 获取数组或切片的长度 ,len(aSlice) -
cap: 获取数组或切片的容量 ,cap(aSlice) -
遍历 :
for index,value := range aSlice { -
切片截取 :
-
aSlice[low:high:max]得到的结果的len=high-low,cap=max-low, high和max的值不能大于 原切片的capacity aSlice[low:high]aSlice[low:]-
aSlice[:high]或aSlice[:high:max]
-
-
关于复制的函数copy :
copy:copy(dst,src)根据src的len和dst的len拷贝内容 , 例如n4 := copy(s[3:], a[5:])将a数组中第6个元素至最后一个元素 依次拷贝到s切片中第4个元素位置,直到拷贝完成或到达s切片的len限制
示例代码
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var aSlice []int
aSlice = make([]int, 0, 1)
fmt.Println("cap(aSlice) is ", cap(aSlice))
aSlice = append(aSlice, 1)
aSlice = append(aSlice, 2)
aSlice = append(aSlice, 3)
fmt.Println("aSlice is ", aSlice)
fmt.Println("len(aSlice) is ", len(aSlice))
fmt.Println("cap(aSlice) is ", cap(aSlice))
fmt.Println("=======遍历示例=====")
for i, v := range aSlice {
fmt.Println("index:", i, "value:", v)
}
fmt.Println("============")
aSlice2:=aSlice[1:4:4]
fmt.Println("aSlice2 is ", aSlice2)
fmt.Println("len(aSlice2) is ", len(aSlice2))
fmt.Println("cap(aSlice2) is ", cap(aSlice2))
fmt.Println("============")
aSlice3:=make([]int,1,4)
copy(aSlice3[0:],aSlice)
fmt.Println("aSlice3 is ", aSlice3)
fmt.Println("len(aSlice3) is ", len(aSlice3))
fmt.Println("cap(aSlice3) is ", cap(aSlice3))
}
# 输出
cap(aSlice) is 1
aSlice is [1 2 3]
len(aSlice) is 3
cap(aSlice) is 4
=======遍历示例=====
index: 0 value: 1
index: 1 value: 2
index: 2 value: 3
============
aSlice2 is [2 3 0]
len(aSlice2) is 3
cap(aSlice2) is 3
============
aSlice3 is [1]
len(aSlice3) is 1
cap(aSlice3) is 4
关于映射的函数
- 从map中删除key:
delete(scene, "brazil") - delete可以删除不存在的key
- delete函数不返回任何值
- 获取key对应的值:
value := map[key]不会失败,如果key不存在,则返回类型对应的零值 - 判断键是否存在 :
value, ok := map[key] - 遍历 :
for key,value := range aMap { - 只遍历key :
for key := range aMap {
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var aMap map[string]int
aMap = make(map[string]int, 8)
fmt.Println("aMap is ", aMap)
fmt.Println("len(aMap) is ", len(aMap))
aMap["张三"] = 90
aMap["小明"] = 100
fmt.Println("============")
fmt.Println("aMap is ", aMap)
fmt.Println("len(aMap) is ", len(aMap))
fmt.Println("aMap[\"张三\"] is ", aMap["张三"])
fmt.Println("aMap[\"李四\"] is ", aMap["李四"]) //获取不存在的key,返回类型对应的零值
if value, ok := aMap["李四"]; ok {
fmt.Println("aMap[\"李四\"] is ", value)
} else {
fmt.Println("aMap[\"李四\"] is not exists ")
}
fmt.Println("=======遍历示例1=====")
for k, v := range aMap {
fmt.Println("key:", k, "value:", v)
}
fmt.Println("=======遍历示例2=====")
for k := range aMap {
fmt.Println("key:", k, "value:", aMap[k])
}
fmt.Println("============")
delete(aMap, "张三")
fmt.Println("aMap is ", aMap)
fmt.Println("len(aMap) is ", len(aMap))
delete(aMap, "张三") // 可以删除不存在的key
}
# 输出
aMap is map[]
len(aMap) is 0
============
aMap is map[小明:100 张三:90]
len(aMap) is 2
aMap["张三"] is 90
aMap["李四"] is 0
aMap["李四"] is not exists
=======遍历示例1=====
key: 张三 value: 90
key: 小明 value: 100
=======遍历示例2=====
key: 张三 value: 90
key: 小明 value: 100
============
aMap is map[小明:100]
len(aMap) is 1
关于管道的函数
- 关闭 chan :
close(aChan)
关于异常恢复的函数
-
panic: -
recover:
关于字符串的函数
- 获取字符串长度(bytes长度):
len(str) - 获取字符串长度(字符长度,含中文):
len([]rune(str)) - 遍历字符串:
for _, r := range s { //rune - 拼接字符串 : 使用
+或fmt.Sprintf - 分割字符串: 使用
strings.Split - join字符串:
strings.Join(a[]string, sep string) - 判断是否包含:
strings.Contains - 前缀/后缀判断 :
strings.HasPrefix,strings.HasSuffix - 子串出现的位置:
strings.Index(),strings.LastIndex()
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
)
func main() {
var aStr string
aStr="Hello世界!"
fmt.Println("len(aStr) is ", len(aStr))
fmt.Println("len(aStr) is ", len([]rune(aStr)))
fmt.Println("=====遍历字符串=======")
for i,v := range aStr { //rune
fmt.Println(i,string(v))
}
fmt.Println("============")
aStr2:=aStr+"拼接字符串"
fmt.Println("aStr2 is ", aStr2)
aStr3:=fmt.Sprintf("%s拼接字符串",aStr)
fmt.Println("aStr3 is ", aStr3)
fmt.Println("============")
aSlice:=strings.Split(aStr,"o")
fmt.Println("strings.Split(aStr,\"o\") is ", aSlice)
aStr4:=strings.Join(aSlice,"...")
fmt.Println("strings.Join(aSlice,\"...\") is ", aStr4)
fmt.Println("============")
fmt.Println("strings.ContainsAny(aStr,\"ll\") is ", strings.ContainsAny(aStr,"ll"))
fmt.Println("strings.HasPrefix(aStr,\"He\") is ", strings.HasPrefix(aStr,"He"))
fmt.Println("strings.HasSuffix(aStr,\"世界!\") is ", strings.HasSuffix(aStr,"世界!"))
fmt.Println("strings.Index(aStr,\"l\") is ", strings.Index(aStr,"l"))
fmt.Println("strings.LastIndex(aStr,\"l\") is ", strings.LastIndex(aStr,"l"))
}
# 输出
len(aStr) is 12
len(aStr) is 8
=====遍历字符串=======
0 H
1 e
2 l
3 l
4 o
5 世
8 界
11 !
============
aStr2 is Hello世界!拼接字符串
aStr3 is Hello世界!拼接字符串
============
strings.Split(aStr,"o") is [Hell 世界!]
strings.Join(aSlice,"...") is Hell...世界!
============
strings.ContainsAny(aStr,"ll") is true
strings.HasPrefix(aStr,"He") is true
strings.HasSuffix(aStr,"世界!") is true
strings.Index(aStr,"l") is 2
strings.LastIndex(aStr,"l") is 3
关于复数的函数
-
complex: 生成复数,var x complex128 = complex(1, 2) // 1+2i -
real: 获取复数的实部real(x*y) -
imag: 获取复数的虚部imag(x*y)
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
var aComplex complex128
aComplex = complex(1, 2)
fmt.Println("aComplex is ", aComplex)
fmt.Println("real(aComplex) is ", real(aComplex))
fmt.Println("imag(aComplex) is ", imag(aComplex))
}
# 输出
aComplex is (1+2i)
real(aComplex) is 1
imag(aComplex) is 2
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