limma包是2015年发表在Nucleic Acids Resarch一个做差异分析的工具,目前引用次数高达七千多次。最流行的差异分析软件就是limma了,它现在更新了一个voom的算法,所以既可以对芯片数据,也可以对转录组高通量测序数据进行分析,其它所有的差异分析软件其实都是模仿这个的。
做差异分析,需要三个数据:
- 表达矩阵
- 分组矩阵
- 差异比较矩阵
前面两个肯定是必须的,有表达矩阵,样本必须进行分组,才能分析,但是我看到过好几种例子,有的有差异比较矩阵,有的没有。
后来我仔细研究了一下limma包的说明书,发现这其实是一个很简单的问题。
大家仔细观察下面的两个代码
首先是不需要差异比较矩阵的
<pre style="border: 0px; font: 13px / 1.5 "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0.75em 1.625em; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"> library(CLL)
data(sCLLex)
library(limma)
design=model.matrix(~factor(sCLLex$Disease))
fit=lmFit(sCLLex,design)
fit=eBayes(fit)
options(digits = 4)
#topTable(fit,coef=2,adjust='BH')
> topTable(fit,coef=2,adjust='BH')
logFC AveExpr t P.Value adj.P.Val B
39400_at 1.0285 5.621 5.836 8.341e-06 0.03344 3.234
36131_at -0.9888 9.954 -5.772 9.668e-06 0.03344 3.117
33791_at -1.8302 6.951 -5.736 1.049e-05 0.03344 3.052
1303_at 1.3836 4.463 5.732 1.060e-05 0.03344 3.044
36122_at -0.7801 7.260 -5.141 4.206e-05 0.10619 1.935
36939_at -2.5472 6.915 -5.038 5.362e-05 0.11283 1.737
41398_at 0.5187 7.602 4.879 7.824e-05 0.11520 1.428
32599_at 0.8544 5.746 4.859 8.207e-05 0.11520 1.389
36129_at 0.9161 8.209 4.859 8.212e-05 0.11520 1.389
37636_at -1.6868 5.697 -4.804 9.355e-05 0.11811 1.282
</pre>
然后是需要差异比较矩阵的
<pre style="border: 0px; font: 13px / 1.5 "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; margin: 0px 0px 1.625em; outline: 0px; padding: 0.75em 1.625em; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"> library(CLL)
data(sCLLex)
library(limma)
design=model.matrix(~0+factor(sCLLex$Disease))
colnames(design)=c('progres','stable')
fit=lmFit(sCLLex,design)
cont.matrix=makeContrasts('progres-stable',levels = design)
fit2=contrasts.fit(fit,cont.matrix)
fit2=eBayes(fit2)
options(digits = 4)
topTable(fit2,adjust='BH')logFC AveExpr t P.Value adj.P.Val B 39400_at -1.0285 5.621 -5.836 8.341e-06 0.03344 3.234 36131_at 0.9888 9.954 5.772 9.668e-06 0.03344 3.117 33791_at 1.8302 6.951 5.736 1.049e-05 0.03344 3.052 1303_at -1.3836 4.463 -5.732 1.060e-05 0.03344 3.044 36122_at 0.7801 7.260 5.141 4.206e-05 0.10619 1.935 36939_at 2.5472 6.915 5.038 5.362e-05 0.11283 1.737 41398_at -0.5187 7.602 -4.879 7.824e-05 0.11520 1.428 32599_at -0.8544 5.746 -4.859 8.207e-05 0.11520 1.389 36129_at -0.9161 8.209 -4.859 8.212e-05 0.11520 1.389 37636_at 1.6868 5.697 4.804 9.355e-05 0.11811 1.282</pre>
大家运行一下这些代码就知道,两者结果是一模一样的。
而差异比较矩阵的需要与否,主要看分组矩阵如何制作的!
design=model.matrix(~factor(sCLLex$Disease))
design=model.matrix(~0+factor(sCLLex$Disease))
有本质的区别!!!
前面那种方法已经把需要比较的组做出到了一列,需要比较多次,就有多少列,第一列是截距不需要考虑,第二列开始往后用coef这个参数可以把差异分析结果一个个提取出来。
而后面那种方法,仅仅是分组而已,组之间需要如何比较,需要自己再制作差异比较矩阵,通过makeContrasts函数来控制如何比较!
实战实战实战实战
基因表达差异分析是我们做转录组最关键根本的一步,edgeR+limma是目前最为推荐的方式。本文结合示例数据,将对这个过程进行梳理,让你明白limma包的why,what,how。
本文示例数据下载
什么是limma?
首先要明白,不管哪种差异分析,其本质都是广义线性模型。limma也是广义线性模型的一种,其对每个gene的表达量拟合一个线性方程。limma的分析过程包括ANOVA分析、线性回归等。
image.png
数据解释
本文数据有两个因素,均为分类变量
- 品种:cultivar(C,I5/I8)
- 时间:time(6,9)
cols为样本编号,rows为基因表达。和我们平时用的数据一致。
开始分析
1. 准备数据
library(edgeR) #edgeR将同时引入limma
counts <- read.delim("all_counts.txt", row.names = 1)
head(counts)
d0 <- DGEList(counts)
# 注意: calcNormFactors并不会标准化数据,只是计算标准化因子
d0 <- calcNormFactors(d0)
d0
# 过滤低表达
cutoff <- 1
drop <- which(apply(cpm(d0), 1, max) < cutoff)
d <- d0[-drop,]
dim(d) # number of genes left
# sample names
snames <- colnames(counts)
snames
# 此数据有两个因素:cultivar(C,I5/I8)和time(6,9)
cultivar <- substr(snames, 1, nchar(snames) - 2)
time <- substr(snames, nchar(snames) - 1, nchar(snames) - 1)
cultivar
time
# Create a new variable “group” that combines cultivar and time
group <- interaction(cultivar, time)
group
# Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot
plotMDS(d, col = as.numeric(group))
我们首先构建了edgeR的DGEList对象,这个对象将来将会转化成limma中的EList对象。然后计算了标准化因子,过滤低表达基因。然后按照分组整理了列名,并进行初步的MDS plot,以便看到样品的大概分布
image2. limma
mm <- model.matrix(~0 + group)
par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
y <- voom(d, mm, plot = T)
#voom的曲线应该很光滑,比较一下过滤低表达gene之前的图形:
voom(d0, mm, plot = T)
# lmFit fits a linear model using weighted least squares for each gene:
fit <- lmFit(y, mm)
head(coef(fit))
#Comparisons between groups (log fold-changes) are obtained as contrasts of these fitted linear models:
# Comparison between times 6 and 9 for cultivar I5
# makeContrasts实际就是定义比较分组信息
contr <- makeContrasts(groupI5.9 - groupI5.6, levels = colnames(coef(fit)))
# 比较每个基因
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, contr)
# Empirical Bayes smoothing of standard errors , (shrinks standard errors that are much larger or smaller than those from other genes towards the average standard error)
# (see https://www.degruyter.com/doi/10.2202/1544-6115.1027)
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
# 使用plotSA 绘制了log2残差标准差与log-CPM均值的关系。平均log2残差标准差由水平蓝线标出
plotSA(tmp, main="Final model: Mean-variance trend")
# topTable 列出差异显著基因
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
# logFC: log2 fold change of I5.9/I5.6
# AveExpr: Average expression across all samples, in log2 CPM
# t: logFC divided by its standard error
# P.Value: Raw p-value (based on t) from test that logFC differs from 0
# adj.P.Val: Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjusted p-value
# B: log-odds that gene is DE (arguably less useful than the other columns)
head(top.table, 20)
# p值<0.05的基因有多少个?
length(which(top.table$adj.P.Val < 0.05))
#Write top.table to a file
top.table$Gene <- rownames(top.table)
top.table <- top.table[,c("Gene", names(top.table)[1:6])]
write.table(top.table, file = "time9_v_time6_I5.txt", row.names = F, sep = "\t", quote = F)
limma的核心步骤包括voom、fit、eBays等步骤,注释里都有详细说明。最后我们用topTable
方法按照p值排序输出结果。
下图是我为了说明绘制的,顺序反了。。。中间的是没有过滤低表达基因之前的,左边是过滤后的,最后是fit后的,可以明显的看出区别。
这时差异分析就有已经完成了,怎样,是不是很简单?
使用limma进行双变量、多变量、连续变量分析
###################双变量分析(cultivar+time)########################
mm <- model.matrix(~cultivar*time)
y <- voom(d, mm, plot = F)
fit <- lmFit(y, mm)
head(coef(fit))
# (Intercept) cultivarI5 cultivarI8 time9 cultivarI5:time9 cultivarI8:time9
# AT1G01010 4.837410 0.53644370 0.2279446 0.20580445 -0.05565729 0.09265044
# AT1G01020 3.530869 -0.03152318 -0.3180096 0.15875297 0.06289715 0.36468449
# AT1G01030 1.250817 -0.32143420 0.3084243 0.03477863 -0.48099113 -0.37842909
# AT1G01040 5.676015 0.27097286 0.1028739 0.50635951 -0.58923660 -0.46975071
# AT1G01050 6.598712 -0.09734846 -0.1347759 0.02052702 0.23139851 0.22730960
# AT1G01060 7.807988 -0.34550979 -0.4172467 1.15805850 -0.34989810 -0.17267051
# 这个表中显示的是coefficient(相关系数)
# cultivarI5 这一列表示cultivar I5 组均值 vs cultivar C(参考cultivar)的差异, for time 6 (the reference level for time)
# time9 这一列表示time9 组均值 vs time6 ,forcultivar C的差异
# cultivarI5:time9 : the difference between times 9 and 6 of the differences between cultivars I5 and C (interaction effect)
# 接下来我们可以定义fit中的coef参数,来进行组间fit
# Let’s estimate the difference between cultivars I5 and C at time 6
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, coef = 2) # the difference in mean expression between cultivar I5 and the reference cultivar (cultivar C), for time 6 (the reference level for time)
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(top.table, 20)
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, coef = 5) # Test cultivarI5:time9
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(top.table, 20)
####################多变量分析########################
#让事情更复杂一点,我们加入批次信息
batch <- factor(rep(rep(1:2, each = 2), 6))
# 只需要重新定义model matrix,其余都一样
mm <- model.matrix(~0 + group + batch)
y <- voom(d, mm, plot = F)
fit <- lmFit(y, mm)
contr <- makeContrasts(groupI5.6 - groupC.6, levels = colnames(coef(fit)))
tmp <- contrasts.fitit(fit, contr)
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(top.table, 20)
# 加入连续变量
# Generate example RIN data
set.seed(99)
RIN <- rnorm(n = 24, mean = 7.5, sd = 1)
RIN
mm <- model.matrix(~0 + group + RIN)
y <- voom(d, mm, plot = F)
fit <- lmFit(y, mm)
contr <- makeContrasts(groupI5.6 - groupC.6, levels = colnames(coef(fit)))
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, contr)
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(top.table, 20)
# What if we want to look at the correlation of gene expression with a continuous variable like pH?
# Generate example pH data
set.seed(99)
pH <- rnorm(n = 24, mean = 8, sd = 1.5)
pH
mm <- model.matrix(~pH)
head(mm)
y <- voom(d, mm, plot = F)
fit <- lmFit(y, mm)
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, coef = 2) # test "pH" coefficient
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
top.table <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(top.table, 20)
上面,我们分别加入了额外的二分变量、连续变量进行limma分析,结果都很好。
这就是有关limma分析的全部内容,注释写的很清楚,可以用这个流程分析任何转录组数据,进行差异表达分析。
参考:
http://www.bio-info-trainee.com/tag/limma
https://www.jianshu.com/p/f009bea514af?utm_campaign=haruki
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