一、定语从句和同位语从句区别
① I heard the news that he told me.（定语从句）
② I heard the news that she won the competition.（同位语从句）
★ 两者的共同点：构成相同，都是“先行词 + 引导词 + 分句”。
★ 两者的不同点：
定义不同：定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
第一，首先看引导词 that，定语从句的引导词 that 在从句中充当主语或宾语，句①that充当宾补；而同位语从句的 that 在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何意思，而且后面的句子是完整的句子，不缺任何成分。
第二，看从句本身的意思。句①的意思为“我听到一个他告诉我的消息”。你知道我听到的什么消息吗？你并不知道我具体听到了什么消息。句②的意思为“我听到了她赢得了比赛的消息”。这下你知道我听到的消息是什么了吗？显然知道了，消息就是“她赢得了比赛”。所以，第二个区别是定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释说明。
第三，看先行词，定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是可以解释的名词——抽象名词。（具体名词是不可以用一句话解释的名词，例如the women、the phone就是具体名词）
第四，最后一个区别，虽然不够严谨，但是也可以作为参考。那就是定语从句的引导词有很多，而同位语从句的引导词通常是 that（因为同位语从句大部分都是陈述句）。
同位语从句是写作满分句型，定语从句不是；翻译时没区别。
二、写作中的定语化妆
只要在作文中见到名词，都可以给它加一个定语的成分把句子加长。
1、 为什么要多读书， 我们通常会写成：
【素颜版】Reading books can broaden horizon. 读书能开阔眼界
【化妆版】Reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden horizon. 读对我们身心健康有益的书能开阔眼界
【改妆版】Reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden horizon of teenagers and youngsters. 读对我们身心健康有益的书能开阔年轻人的眼界
【浓妆版】reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden horizon of teenagers and youngsters who have a lot of spare time. 读对我们身心健康有益的书能开阔有着空闲时间的年轻人的眼界
2、 上网的危害
【素颜版】Surfing the Internet wastes time. 上网浪费时间
【浓妆版】Surfing the Internet which has become popular with students at different ages wastes time of students（the common citizens) who should spend more time on their study（and work). 上在各个学生年龄阶段都非常流行的网浪费了应该把时间放在他们的(工作和)学习上的学生(普通人)的时间
3、 养宠物
Raising pets can reduce lonlines. 养宠物可以减少孤单
Raising pets cute as well as healthy can reduce lonlines of serior citizens who have no any descendants to accomany them. 养那些可爱和健康宠物可以减少没有子女陪伴的老人的孤单
能自己写就自己写，实在不会参考下面 ↓
万能定语一：as well as 并列两个形容词；
万能定语二：such as 例如，只能写在复数名词和集体名词后；
举例：Reading books such as little Prince,Gone With the Wind can broaden horizon
要有意识的把中文短句写成英文的长句；而翻译的时候要把英文的长句翻译成中文的短句。
三、长难句分析
（一）如何识别定语成分，名词后可能是什么成分？？？
1、名词后可能是什么成分？
① 名词后的成分就是定语：
Zhang Guorong who I admire a lot has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.
② 名词后可能是谓语动词：
Zhang Guorong has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.
③ 名词后可能是插入语：前后有逗号就是掺入语
Zhang Guorong, as is known to us all, has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.
④ 名词后可能是状语：
I have admired Zhang Guorong since i saw one of his classic movies named Farewell to My Concubine.
⑤ 名词后可能是同位语：
Zhang Guorong, a superstar in the 1980s, has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.
2、如何识别定语成分？
答：找定语的关键就是找名词，只要名词后有一坨东西，只要这一坨东西不是动词，就暂定为修饰这个名词的是定语成分（还可能是状语呀）
（二）定语翻译方法
前置翻译法：定语成分比较简单，也就是比较短，就把定语翻译在它所修饰名词的前面；
顺译法：如果定语成分比较复杂，也就是比较长，就采取拆开翻译的方法，这时只需要重复先行词或使用相应的代词他，她，它或他们，她们，它们来替代先行词。
① Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
【翻译】尽管教会试图镇压新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，人们对宇宙如何运转的解释越来越多，并且以一种不容忽视的速度在增加。
② These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.
【翻译】这些单边征税在细节上有所不同，但都旨在对跨国企业的收入和收益进行征税，这些征税的国家认为它们有权征税，即使国际税收规则未赋予它们这样的权利。
③ Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.
【翻译】法国参议院于上周四通过了一项数字服务税，将对法国境内为消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型跨国企业征收一项全新的税种。
④ With the Church ’ s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
【翻译】随着教堂的教义和思维方式受到文艺复兴的瓦解，中世纪和现代时期的差距得以弥合，引发了全新的尚未探索的知识领域的出现。
⑤ Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
【翻译】皮尔森收集了全世界成百上千位研究者的工作成果，编纂了一个独一无二的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了最迟的日期， 届时我们就能期待成百上千的重大突破和重大发现了。
⑥Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’or ‘dare to know‘ .
【翻译】这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以通过拉丁文“Sapere aude”或英文 “dare to know(勇于求知)”来体现。
⑦ No boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
【翻译】那些上过文法学校的学生不会不知道，戏剧是文学的一种形式，这种形式曾给希腊和罗马带来了荣耀，也迟早会给英国带来荣耀。
⑧ Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
【翻译】蒙特非奥里医疗中心的主任南希•都博勒认为，这条原则将会保护一些医生，这些医生直到现在还一直坚定地认为，如果给病人充分的药物止痛会加速他们死亡的话，那就不能这样做。
⑨ The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.
【翻译】20 世纪下半期，一批英才、勇士、企业家和梦想家们联合起来努力创造了一种极好的机器，这种机器可用作打字机和印刷机、演播室和影剧院、画笔和画廊、钢琴和收音机、邮件和邮差。
⑩ We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
【翻译】我们已经远离了没有重点的报纸评论，这些评论是在 20 世纪初至第二次世界大战前夕的英国报纸上发表的，当时的新闻用纸非常便宜，时尚的艺术评论只是被认为是出版物的一种点缀而已。
⑪ After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
【翻译】历经了 6 个月的争论和最后 16 个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚的北领地变成了世界上第一个合法的政府，这个政府允许医生结束绝症病人的生命，并且这些病人必须自己是自愿的。
⑫ There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
【翻译】在医学期刊杂志上，有很多这样的废话。当广播公司和媒体报道这些无稽之谈时，那就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
⑬ But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
【翻译】 但是在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中，蒂娜•罗森伯格认为，通过她所谓的“社会治疗”，同辈压力也可以变成一种积极的力量。在“社会治疗”中，组织和官员利用群体动力的力量帮助个人改善他们的生活，甚至可能改善世界。
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