定语和定语从句

定义: 只要是 ...的 + 名词, 那么 ...的 就是修饰这个名词的定语成分

1. of名词: The singing of the nightingale enables the rose to bloom.
2. 代词: Your mother must be wealthy.
3. 非谓语动词: The singing nightingale died pitifully.
4. 从句: The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
5. 形容词: The nightingale naive and adamant lost his life. 
6. 介词短语: The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.

1. 前小后大: 当一个单词修饰名词的时候, 通常放在名词前；当两个以上单词修饰名词的时候, 通常放在名词后
   (1) This proves a fiction with regard to a nightingale and a rose.

2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候, 即使只有一个单词, 也通常放在名词后
   (1) The boy declined looks pitiful.

1. 构成: 先行词 + 引导词 + 句子

2. 引导词
   (1) 按照 先行词 的 种类 分类, 一共把引导词分成 5 类
       ① 当先行词是人的时候, 引导词有: who, whom, whose
       ② 当先行词是物的时候, 引导词有: that, which, whose
       ③ 当先行词是时间的时候, 引导词有: that, which, when
       ④ 当先行词是地点的时候, 引导词有: that, which, where
       ⑤ 当先行词是原因的时候, 引导词有: that, which, why
   (2) 按照 引导词本身 的 词性 分类, 一共把引导词分成 3 类
       ① 代词: 在从句中一定要充当主干成分, who(主语或宾语) whom(宾语) that which
       ② 副词: 在从句中不能充当主干成分, where, when, why
       ③ 形容词: 在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词, whose
   (3) 例句
       ① I will never forget the day when I met you.
       ② I will never forget the day that we spent.

3. 特殊用法
   (1) that 在引导定语从句时, 如果在从句中充当宾语, that 可以省略
       ① I enjoy the movie Zhao Wei directed.
   (2) 区别限制和非限制性定语从句
       ① 非限制性定语从句相当于插入语, 完全可以不看
   (3) 如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话, 人只能用 whom, 物只能用 which
   (4) 区别 the same...as(就像) 和 the same...that(就是)
       ① He is the same man as I love.
       ② He is the same man that I love.

4. 难点: 寻找先行词
   (1) 先行词是离引导词最近的那个名词
       ① When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him, he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.
   (2) 先行词是引导词前面的多个名词
       ① For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.
   (3) 先行词是引导词前面的从句
       ① The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
   (4) 先行词是引导词前面的整个句子
       ① My husband enjoy talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.
   (5) 先行词和引导词被一部分成分隔开
       ①  As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that can not convey complex ideas.

5. 长难句分析: 能够找到一句话当中的定语成分, 并且把它们通顺翻译出来
   (1) 关键找名词
   (2) 名词后面有可能的成分: 定语, 同位语, 插入语, 状语, 谓语动词
   (3) 如果名词后面有一部分成分, 只要这部分成分不是谓语动词, 就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分
   (4) 定语从名词后开始, 到主句谓语动词之前结束
       ① 如果主句的谓语动词在定语前面出现的话, 定语通常到句末结束
       ② 如果定语之后有连词的话, 定语不是到句末结束, 而是到连词之前结束
   (5) 一个大定语里面通常都会有无数个小定语, 每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束, 翻译顺序从后往前
       ① 以上情况, 固定搭配除外

只要在作文中见到名词, 都可以有意识地给它加一个定语成分把句子拉长
1. Raising pets can reduce loneliness.
2. Raising pets cute as well as smart can reduce loneliness.
3. Raising pets cute as well as smart can reduce loneliness of senior citizes.
4. Raising pets cute as well as smart can reduce loneliness of senior citizes 
   without any descendants.
5. Raising pets cute as well as smart can reduce loneliness of senior citizes 
   without any descendants taking care of them.