最近在忙一个蓝牙项目,在处理蓝牙数据的时候,经常遇到进制之间的转换,蓝牙处理的是16进制(NSData),而我们习惯的计数方式是10进制,为了节省空间,蓝牙也会把16进制(NSData)拆成2进制记录。这里我们研究下如何在他们之间进行转换。
假设我们要向蓝牙发送0x1B9901这条数据
Byte转NSData
Byte value[3]={0};value[0]=0x1B;value[1]=0x99;value[2]=0x01;NSData * data = [NSData dataWithBytes:&value length:sizeof(value)];//发送数据[self.peripheral writeValue:data forCharacteristic:self.write type:CBCharacteristicWriteWithoutResponse];
优点:这种方法比较简单,没有进行转换,直接一个字节一个字节的拼装好发送出去。
缺点:当发送数据比较长时会很麻烦,而且不易更改。
NSString转NSData
- (NSData )hexToBytes:(NSString )str{NSMutableData data = [NSMutableData data];int idx;for (idx = 0; idx+2 <= str.length; idx+=2) { NSRange range = NSMakeRange(idx, 2); NSString hexStr = [str substringWithRange:range]; NSScanner* scanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:hexStr]; unsigned int intValue; [scanner scanHexInt:&intValue]; [data appendBytes:&intValue length:1];}return data;}//发送数据[self.peripheral writeValue:[self hexToBytes:@"1B9901"] forCharacteristic:self.write type:CBCharacteristicWriteWithoutResponse];
优点:比较直观,可以一次转换一长条数据,对于一些功能简单的蓝牙程序,这种转换能处理大部分情况。
缺点:只能发送一些固定的指令,不能参与计算。
求校验和
接下来探讨下发送的数据需要计算的情况。最常用的发送数据需要计算的场景是求校验和(CHECKSUM)。这个根据硬件厂商来定,常见的求校验和的规则有:
如果发送数据长度为n字节,则CHECKSUM为前n-1字节之和的低字节
CHECKSUM=0x100-CHECKSUM(上一步的校验和)
如果我要发送带上校验和的0x1B9901,方法就是:
- (NSData *)getCheckSum:(NSString *)byteStr{int length = (int)byteStr.length/2;NSData *data = [self hexToBytes:byteStr];Byte *bytes = (unsigned char *)[data bytes];Byte sum = 0;for (int i = 0; i<length; i++) { sum += bytes[i];}int sumT = sum;int at = 256 - sumT;printf("校验和:%d\n",at);if (at == 256) { at = 0;}NSString *str = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@",byteStr,[self ToHex:at]];return [self hexToBytes:str];}//将十进制转化为十六进制- (NSString *)ToHex:(int)tmpid{NSString *nLetterValue;NSString *str =@"";int ttmpig;for (int i = 0; i<9; i++) { ttmpig=tmpid%16; tmpid=tmpid/16; switch (ttmpig) { case 10: nLetterValue =@"A";break; case 11: nLetterValue =@"B";break; case 12: nLetterValue =@"C";break; case 13: nLetterValue =@"D";break; case 14: nLetterValue =@"E";break; case 15: nLetterValue =@"F";break; default: nLetterValue = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%u",ttmpig]; } str = [nLetterValue stringByAppendingString:str]; if (tmpid == 0) { break; }}//不够一个字节凑0if(str.length == 1){ return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"0%@",str];}else{ return str;}}//发送数据NSData *data = [self getCheckSum:@"1B9901"];//data=<1b99014b>[self.peripheral writeValue:data forCharacteristic:self.write type:CBCharacteristicWriteWithoutResponse];
拆分数据
这种是比较麻烦的,举个栗子:在传输某条信息时,我想把时间放进去,不能用时间戳,还要节省空间,这样就出现了一种新的方式存储时间。这里再补充一些C语言知识:
一个字节8位(bit)
char 1字节 int 4字节 unsigned 2字节 float 4字节
存储时间的条件是:
只用四个字节(32位)
前5位表示年(从2000年算起),接着4位表示月,接着5位表示日,接着5位表示时,接着6位表示分,接着3位表示星期,剩余4位保留。
这样直观的解决办法就是分别取出现在时间的年月日时分星期,先转成2进制,再转成16进制发出去。当然你这么写进去,读的时候就要把16进制数据先转成2进制再转成10进制显示。我们就按这个简单粗暴的思路来,准备工作如下:
10进制转2进制
// 十进制转二进制- (NSString *)toBinarySystemWithDecimalSystem:(int)num length:(int)length{int remainder = 0; //余数int divisor = 0; //除数NSString * prepare = @"";while (true){ remainder = num%2; divisor = num/2; num = divisor; prepare = [prepare stringByAppendingFormat:@"%d",remainder]; if (divisor == 0) { break; }}//倒序输出NSString * result = @"";for (int i = length -1; i >= 0; i --){ if (i <= prepare.length - 1) { result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"%@", [prepare substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(i , 1)]]; }else{ result = [result stringByAppendingString:@"0"]; }}return result;}
2进制转10进制
// 二进制转十进制- (NSString *)toDecimalWithBinary:(NSString *)binary{int ll = 0 ;int temp = 0 ;for (int i = 0; i < binary.length; i ++){ temp = [[binary substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(i, 1)] intValue]; temp = temp * powf(2, binary.length - i - 1); ll += temp;}NSString * result = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d",ll];return result;}
16进制和2进制互转
- (NSString *)getBinaryByhex:(NSString *)hex binary:(NSString *)binary{NSMutableDictionary *hexDic = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];hexDic = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] initWithCapacity:16];[hexDic setObject:@"0000" forKey:@"0"];[hexDic setObject:@"0001" forKey:@"1"];[hexDic setObject:@"0010" forKey:@"2"];[hexDic setObject:@"0011" forKey:@"3"];[hexDic setObject:@"0100" forKey:@"4"];[hexDic setObject:@"0101" forKey:@"5"];[hexDic setObject:@"0110" forKey:@"6"];[hexDic setObject:@"0111" forKey:@"7"];[hexDic setObject:@"1000" forKey:@"8"];[hexDic setObject:@"1001" forKey:@"9"];[hexDic setObject:@"1010" forKey:@"a"];[hexDic setObject:@"1011" forKey:@"b"];[hexDic setObject:@"1100" forKey:@"c"];[hexDic setObject:@"1101" forKey:@"d"];[hexDic setObject:@"1110" forKey:@"e"];[hexDic setObject:@"1111" forKey:@"f"];NSMutableString *binaryString=[[NSMutableString alloc] init];if (hex.length) { for (int i=0; i<[hex length]; i++) { NSRange rage; rage.length = 1; rage.location = i; NSString *key = [hex substringWithRange:rage]; [binaryString appendString:hexDic[key]]; }}else{ for (int i=0; i<binary.length; i+=4) { NSString *subStr = [binary substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(i, 4)]; int index = 0; for (NSString *str in hexDic.allValues) { index ++; if ([subStr isEqualToString:str]) { [binaryString appendString:hexDic.allKeys[index-1]]; break; } } }}return binaryString;}
有了这几种转换函数,完成上面的功能就容易多了,具体怎么操作这里就不写一一出来了。但总感觉怪怪的,这么一个小功能怎么要写这么一大堆代码,当然还可以用C语言的方法去解决。这里主要是为了展示iOS中数据如何转换,C语言的实现方法这里就不写了,有兴趣的同学可以研究下。
附带两个函数
int转NSData
- (NSData *) setId:(int)Id {//用4个字节接收Byte bytes[4];bytes[0] = (Byte)(Id>>24);bytes[1] = (Byte)(Id>>16);bytes[2] = (Byte)(Id>>8);bytes[3] = (Byte)(Id);NSData *data = [NSData dataWithBytes:bytes length:4];}
NSData转int接受到的数据0x00000a0122
//4字节表示的intNSData intData = [data subdataWithRange:NSMakeRange(2, 4)];int value = CFSwapInt32BigToHost((int)([intData bytes]));//655650//2字节表示的intNSData intData = [data subdataWithRange:NSMakeRange(4, 2)];int value = CFSwapInt16BigToHost((int)([intData bytes]));//290//1字节表示的intchar *bs = (unsigned char *)[[data subdataWithRange:NSMakeRange(5, 1) ] bytes];int value = *bs;//34
这两个转换在某些场景下使用频率也是挺高的,蓝牙里面的数据转换基本也就这么多了,希望能够帮助大家。更多关于字节编码的问题,大家可以点这里:传送门
- NSString转化为UNICODE String:
(NSString*)fname = @“Test”;
char fnameStr[10];
memcpy(fnameStr, [fname cStringUsingEncoding:NSUnicodeStringEncoding], 2*([fname length]));
-
NSString转化为char
(NSString*)fname = @“Test”;
char fnameStr[10];
fnameStr =[fname UTF8String]; -
char -> NSData:
方法一:
char * postData = "TEST";NSData *data = [NSData dataWithBytes:postData length:strlen(postData)];
方法二:
转换为NSString: - (id)initWithUTF8String:(const char *)bytes 然后用NSString的 - (NSData *)dataUsingEncoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding -
NSData ->char
NSData returnData ;
char* bu=[returnData bytes]; -
NSData->NSString
NSString* aStr;
aStr = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:aData encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];
- NSString->NSData
NSData* aData;
aData = [aStr dataUsingEncoding: NSASCIIStringEncoding];
- NSData 与 NSString
NSData-> NSString
NSString *aString = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:adataencoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSString->NSData
NSString *aString = @"1234abcd";
NSData *aData = [aString dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding];
2.NSData 与 Byte
NSData-> Byte数组
NSString *testString = @"1234567890";
NSData *testData = [testString dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding];
Byte *testByte = (Byte *)[testData bytes];
for(int i=0;i<[testData length];i++)
printf("testByte = %d\n",testByte[i]);
Byte数组-> NSData
Byte byte[] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23};
NSData *adata = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:byte length:24];
Byte数组->16进制数
Byte *bytes = (Byte *)[aData bytes];
NSString *hexStr=@"";
for(int i=0;i<[encryData length];i++)
{
NSString *newHexStr = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%x",bytes[i]&0xff];///16进制数
if([newHexStr length]==1)
hexStr = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@0%@",hexStr,newHexStr];
else
hexStr = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@",hexStr,newHexStr];
}
NSLog(@"bytes 的16进制数为:%@",hexStr);
16进制数->Byte数组
///// 将16进制数据转化成Byte 数组
NSString *hexString = @"3e435fab9c34891f"; //16进制字符串
int j=0;
Byte bytes[128]; ///3ds key的Byte 数组, 128位
for(int i=0;i<[hexString length];i++)
{
int int_ch; /// 两位16进制数转化后的10进制数
unichar hex_char1 = [hexString characterAtIndex:i]; ////两位16进制数中的第一位(高位16)
int int_ch1;
if(hex_char1 >= '0' && hex_char1 <='9')
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-48)16; //// 0 的Ascll - 48
else if(hex_char1 >= 'A' && hex_char1 <='F')
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-55)16; //// A 的Ascll - 65
else
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-87)16; //// a 的Ascll - 97
i++;
unichar hex_char2 = [hexString characterAtIndex:i]; ///两位16进制数中的第二位(低位)
int int_ch2;
if(hex_char2 >= '0' && hex_char2 <='9')
int_ch2 = (hex_char2-48); //// 0 的Ascll - 48
else if(hex_char1 >= 'A' && hex_char1 <='F')
int_ch2 = hex_char2-55; //// A 的Ascll - 65
else
int_ch2 = hex_char2-87; //// a 的Ascll - 97
int_ch = int_ch1+int_ch2;
NSLog(@"int_ch=%d",int_ch);
bytes[j] = int_ch; ///将转化后的数放入Byte数组里
j++;
}
NSData *newData = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:bytes length:128];
NSLog(@"newData=%@",newData);
- NSData 与 UIImage
NSData->UIImage
UIImage *aimage = [UIImage imageWithData: imageData];
//例:从本地文件沙盒中取图片并转换为NSData
NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundlePath];
NSString *name = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"ceshi.png"];
NSString *finalPath = [path stringByAppendingPathComponent:name];
NSData *imageData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile: finalPath];
UIImage *aimage = [UIImage imageWithData: imageData];
UIImage-> NSData
NSData *imageData = UIImagePNGRepresentation(aimae);
把16进制字符串转换成NSData:
-(NSData *)hexString:(NSString *)hexString {
int j=0;
Byte bytes[20];
///3ds key的Byte 数组, 128位
for(int i=0; i<[hexString length]; i++)
{
int int_ch; /// 两位16进制数转化后的10进制数
unichar hex_char1 = [hexString characterAtIndex:i]; ////两位16进制数中的第一位(高位*16)
int int_ch1;
if(hex_char1 >= '0' && hex_char1 <='9')
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-48)*16; //// 0 的Ascll - 48
else if(hex_char1 >= 'A' && hex_char1 <='F')
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-55)*16; //// A 的Ascll - 65
else
int_ch1 = (hex_char1-87)*16; //// a 的Ascll - 97
i++;
unichar hex_char2 = [hexString characterAtIndex:i]; ///两位16进制数中的第二位(低位)
int int_ch2;
if(hex_char2 >= '0' && hex_char2 <='9')
int_ch2 = (hex_char2-48); //// 0 的Ascll - 48
else if(hex_char1 >= 'A' && hex_char1 <='F')
int_ch2 = hex_char2-55; //// A 的Ascll - 65
else
int_ch2 = hex_char2-87; //// a 的Ascll - 97
int_ch = int_ch1+int_ch2;
NSLog(@"int_ch=%d",int_ch);
bytes[j] = int_ch; ///将转化后的数放入Byte数组里
j++;
}
NSData *newData = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:bytes length:20];
return newData;
}
因为项目中用用到socket通信 实现夸平台的局域网实时通信。下面罗列一些我在使用过程中遇见错误和我的处理方式:一般socket通信的错误都会传到- (void)socketDidDisconnect:(GCDAsyncSocket *)sock withError:(NSError *)error 这个代理方法中
1.Error Domain=GCDAsyncSocketErrorDomain Code=4 "Read operation timed out" UserInfo=0xa8db6a0 {NSLocalizedDescription=Read operation timed out}
scoket读取数据超时,当网络不怎么稳定通信方给发送消息的时候时不时的会冒一个这个错误,而且Socket也会自动断开连接。一直跟踪GCDAsyncSocket.m的代码5068行<可能代码有更新的会有点差异>有一个方法
- (void)setupReadTimerWithTimeout:(NSTimeInterval)timeout
这个方法是就是专门监听socket读取数据是否有超时的现象的方法,源代码设置成if(timeout >= 0.0)即检测到超时就抛异常 这样很容易导致socket连接异常。
处理方式:你可以打印一下这个timeout值,就会大概知道你的socket读取数据超时的范围,在项目允许的范围内设置这个值的大小,因为我的项目总是在10以内,所以我设置成if(timeout > 10.0)之后,基本运行的时候就很少抛这个异常了。你也可以再接收到这个异常的时候重新连接一次。
2.Error Domain=GCDAsyncSocketErrorDomain Code=3 "Attempt to connect to host timed out" UserInfo=0x7bd14f40 {NSLocalizedDescription=Attempt to connect to host timed out}
socket连接的时候超时,一般发生在你向服务端发送一条连接消息的时候,服务端无响应,一般是由于服务端没有开启服务,也有可能是设置响应时间的timeout值过小,在GCDAsyncSocket.m的代码1938行的位置有一个设置timeout的地方 你可以设置一个稍微比较长的响应时间
- (BOOL)connectToHost:(NSString*)host onPort:(uint16_t)port error:(NSError **)errPtr
{
return [self connectToHost:host onPort:port withTimeout:5 error:errPtr];
}
3.Error Domain=GCDAsyncSocketErrorDomain Code=51,网络断开,可以检查一下网络连接状态
4.Error Domain=NSPOSIXErrorDomain Code=61 "Connection refused" UserInfo=0x7b288750 {NSLocalizedFailureReason=Error in connect() function, NSLocalizedDescription=Connection refused}
服务器没启动,或者端口没开启。
个人总结,欢迎指正!
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