Netflix公司开源的Hystrix框架，对延迟和故障可以提供强大的容错能力，在分布式系统中对请求远程系统、服务或者第三方库产生的错误，通过熔断、线程池隔离等手段，可以及时停止系统中的级联错误从而起到自适应调节的作用。
Hystrix 工作流程图
工作流程分析
从以上的流程图可以看出，首先我们的创建一个HystrixCommand或者HystrixObservableCommand实例，来代表向其他的的组件发出请求（指令），然后通过相关的方法来操作指令。主要有四个方法。HystrixCommand中有execute()[堵塞方法返回单个结果或者抛出异常]和queue()[异步方法，返回一个Future对象，可以从中取出单个结果。或者抛出异常]。HystrixObservableCommand中有observe()和toObservable()，这两个方法都返回Observable对象，代表（多个）操作结果，注意在observe()方法开始执行的时候就调用了相应的指令，而toObservable()方法相当于observe()方法的lazy加载，当我们去 subscribe的时候，它才去执行相应的指令。
execute()和queue() 源码
public R execute() {
try {
return queue().get(); //调用了queue().get()方法
} catch (Exception e) {
throw Exceptions.sneakyThrow(decomposeException(e));
}
}
public Future<R> queue() {
/*
* The Future returned by Observable.toBlocking().toFuture() does not implement the
* interruption of the execution thread when the "mayInterrupt" flag of Future.cancel(boolean) is set to true;
* thus, to comply with the contract of Future, we must wrap around it.
*/
final Future<R> delegate = toObservable().toBlocking().toFuture();
final Future<R> f = new Future<R>() {
@Override
public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
if (delegate.isCancelled()) {
return false;
}
if (HystrixCommand.this.getProperties().executionIsolationThreadInterruptOnFutureCancel().get()) {
/*
* The only valid transition here is false -> true. If there are two futures, say f1 and f2, created by this command
* (which is super-weird, but has never been prohibited), and calls to f1.cancel(true) and to f2.cancel(false) are
* issued by different threads, it's unclear about what value would be used by the time mayInterruptOnCancel is checked.
* The most consistent way to deal with this scenario is to say that if *any* cancellation is invoked with interruption,
* than that interruption request cannot be taken back.
*/
interruptOnFutureCancel.compareAndSet(false, mayInterruptIfRunning);
}
final boolean res = delegate.cancel(interruptOnFutureCancel.get());
if (!isExecutionComplete() && interruptOnFutureCancel.get()) {
final Thread t = executionThread.get();
if (t != null && !t.equals(Thread.currentThread())) {
t.interrupt();
}
}
return res;
}
@Override
public boolean isCancelled() {
return delegate.isCancelled();
}
@Override
public boolean isDone() {
return delegate.isDone();
}
@Override
public R get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
return delegate.get();
}
@Override
public R get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
return delegate.get(timeout, unit);
}
};
/* special handling of error states that throw immediately */
if (f.isDone()) {
try {
f.get();
return f;
} catch (Exception e) {
Throwable t = decomposeException(e);
if (t instanceof HystrixBadRequestException) {
return f;
} else if (t instanceof HystrixRuntimeException) {
HystrixRuntimeException hre = (HystrixRuntimeException) t;
switch (hre.getFailureType()) {
case COMMAND_EXCEPTION:
case TIMEOUT:
// we don't throw these types from queue() only from queue().get() as they are execution errors
return f;
default:
// these are errors we throw from queue() as they as rejection type errors
throw hre;
}
} else {
throw Exceptions.sneakyThrow(t);
}
}
}
return f;
}
//HystrixObservableCommand extends AbstractCommand{observe(),toObservable()}
public Observable<R> observe() {
// us a ReplaySubject to buffer the eagerly subscribed-to Observable
ReplaySubject<R> subject = ReplaySubject.create();
// eagerly kick off subscription
final Subscription sourceSubscription = toObservable().subscribe(subject);
// return the subject that can be subscribed to later while the execution has already started
return subject.doOnUnsubscribe(new Action0() {
@Override
public void call() {
sourceSubscription.unsubscribe();
}
});
}
public Observable<R> toObservable() {
final AbstractCommand<R> _cmd = this;
//doOnCompleted handler already did all of the SUCCESS work
//doOnError handler already did all of the FAILURE/TIMEOUT/REJECTION/BAD_REQUEST work
final Action0 terminateCommandCleanup = new Action0() {
@Override
public void call() {
if (_cmd.commandState.compareAndSet(CommandState.OBSERVABLE_CHAIN_CREATED, CommandState.TERMINAL)) {
handleCommandEnd(false); //user code never ran
} else if (_cmd.commandState.compareAndSet(CommandState.USER_CODE_EXECUTED, CommandState.TERMINAL)) {
handleCommandEnd(true); //user code did run
}
}
};
//mark the command as CANCELLED and store the latency (in addition to standard cleanup)
final Action0 unsubscribeCommandCleanup = new Action0() {
@Override
public void call() {
if (_cmd.commandState.compareAndSet(CommandState.OBSERVABLE_CHAIN_CREATED, CommandState.UNSUBSCRIBED)) {
if (!_cmd.executionResult.containsTerminalEvent()) {
_cmd.eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.CANCELLED, _cmd.commandKey);
try {
executionHook.onUnsubscribe(_cmd);
} catch (Throwable hookEx) {
logger.warn("Error calling HystrixCommandExecutionHook.onUnsubscribe", hookEx);
}
_cmd.executionResultAtTimeOfCancellation = _cmd.executionResult
.addEvent((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() - _cmd.commandStartTimestamp), HystrixEventType.CANCELLED);
}
handleCommandEnd(false); //user code never ran
} else if (_cmd.commandState.compareAndSet(CommandState.USER_CODE_EXECUTED, CommandState.UNSUBSCRIBED)) {
if (!_cmd.executionResult.containsTerminalEvent()) {
_cmd.eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.CANCELLED, _cmd.commandKey);
try {
executionHook.onUnsubscribe(_cmd);
} catch (Throwable hookEx) {
logger.warn("Error calling HystrixCommandExecutionHook.onUnsubscribe", hookEx);
}
_cmd.executionResultAtTimeOfCancellation = _cmd.executionResult
.addEvent((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() - _cmd.commandStartTimestamp), HystrixEventType.CANCELLED);
}
handleCommandEnd(true); //user code did run
}
}
};
final Func0<Observable<R>> applyHystrixSemantics = new Func0<Observable<R>>() {
@Override
public Observable<R> call() {
if (commandState.get().equals(CommandState.UNSUBSCRIBED)) {
return Observable.never();
}
return applyHystrixSemantics(_cmd);
}
};
final Func1<R, R> wrapWithAllOnNextHooks = new Func1<R, R>() {
@Override
public R call(R r) {
R afterFirstApplication = r;
try {
afterFirstApplication = executionHook.onComplete(_cmd, r);
} catch (Throwable hookEx) {
logger.warn("Error calling HystrixCommandExecutionHook.onComplete", hookEx);
}
try {
return executionHook.onEmit(_cmd, afterFirstApplication);
} catch (Throwable hookEx) {
logger.warn("Error calling HystrixCommandExecutionHook.onEmit", hookEx);
return afterFirstApplication;
}
}
};
final Action0 fireOnCompletedHook = new Action0() {
@Override
public void call() {
try {
executionHook.onSuccess(_cmd);
} catch (Throwable hookEx) {
logger.warn("Error calling HystrixCommandExecutionHook.onSuccess", hookEx);
}
}
};
return Observable.defer(new Func0<Observable<R>>() {
@Override
public Observable<R> call() {
/* this is a stateful object so can only be used once */
if (!commandState.compareAndSet(CommandState.NOT_STARTED, CommandState.OBSERVABLE_CHAIN_CREATED)) {
IllegalStateException ex = new IllegalStateException("This instance can only be executed once. Please instantiate a new instance.");
//TODO make a new error type for this
throw new HystrixRuntimeException(FailureType.BAD_REQUEST_EXCEPTION, _cmd.getClass(), getLogMessagePrefix() + " command executed multiple times - this is not permitted.", ex, null);
}
commandStartTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (properties.requestLogEnabled().get()) {
// log this command execution regardless of what happened
if (currentRequestLog != null) {
currentRequestLog.addExecutedCommand(_cmd);
}
}
final boolean requestCacheEnabled = isRequestCachingEnabled();
final String cacheKey = getCacheKey();
/* try from cache first */
if (requestCacheEnabled) {
HystrixCommandResponseFromCache<R> fromCache = (HystrixCommandResponseFromCache<R>) requestCache.get(cacheKey);
if (fromCache != null) {
isResponseFromCache = true;
return handleRequestCacheHitAndEmitValues(fromCache, _cmd);
}
}
Observable<R> hystrixObservable =
Observable.defer(applyHystrixSemantics)
.map(wrapWithAllOnNextHooks);
Observable<R> afterCache;
// put in cache
if (requestCacheEnabled && cacheKey != null) {
// wrap it for caching
HystrixCachedObservable<R> toCache = HystrixCachedObservable.from(hystrixObservable, _cmd);
HystrixCommandResponseFromCache<R> fromCache = (HystrixCommandResponseFromCache<R>) requestCache.putIfAbsent(cacheKey, toCache);
if (fromCache != null) {
// another thread beat us so we'll use the cached value instead
toCache.unsubscribe();
isResponseFromCache = true;
return handleRequestCacheHitAndEmitValues(fromCache, _cmd);
} else {
// we just created an ObservableCommand so we cast and return it
afterCache = toCache.toObservable();
}
} else {
afterCache = hystrixObservable;
}
return afterCache
.doOnTerminate(terminateCommandCleanup) // perform cleanup once (either on normal terminal state (this line), or unsubscribe (next line))
.doOnUnsubscribe(unsubscribeCommandCleanup) // perform cleanup once
.doOnCompleted(fireOnCompletedHook);
}
});
}
执行操作指令时，Hystrix首先会检查缓存内是否有对应指令的结果，如果有的话，将缓存的结果直接以Observable对象的形式返回。如果没有对应的缓存，Hystrix会检查Circuit Breaker的状态。如果Circuit Breaker的状态为开启状态，Hystrix将不会执行对应指令，而是直接进入失败处理状态。如果Circuit Breaker的状态为关闭状态，Hystrix会继续进行线程池、任务队列、信号量的检查，确认是否有足够的资源执行操作指令。如果资源满，Hystrix同样将不会执行对应指令并且直接进入失败处理状态。
如果资源充足，Hystrix将会执行操作指令。操作指令的调用最终都会到这两个方法：
/**
* Implement this method with code to be executed when {@link #execute()} or {@link #queue()} are invoked.
*
* @return R response type
* @throws Exception
* if command execution fails
*/
protected abstract R run() throws Exception;
/**
* Implement this method with code to be executed when {@link #observe()} or {@link #toObservable()} are invoked.
*
* @return R response type
*/
protected abstract Observable<R> construct();
如果执行指令的时间超时，执行线程会抛出TimeoutException异常。Hystrix会抛弃结果并直接进入失败处理状态。如果执行指令成功，Hystrix会进行一系列的数据记录，然后返回执行的结果。
同时，Hystrix会根据记录的数据来计算失败比率，一旦失败比率达到某一阈值将自动开启Circuit Breaker。
最后我们再来看一下Hystrix是如何处理失败的。如果我们在Command中实现了HystrixCommand.getFallback()方法（或HystrixObservableCommand.resumeWithFallback()方法，Hystrix会返回对应方法的结果。如果没有实现这些方法的话，从底层看Hystrix将会返回一个空的Observable对象，并且可以通过onError来终止并处理错误。从上层看：
1.execute方法将会抛出异常。
2.queue方法将会返回一个失败状态的Future对象。
3.observe()和toObservable()方法都会返回上述的Observable对象。
参考
1.https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki/How-it-Works#flow3
2.http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/tKO8wmPyNHMh8Yotmm4L4w
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