具体可以参考阮一峰的Promise
看看一个例子
function fn1() {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn1')
}, 1000)
}
function fn2() {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn2')
}, 1000)
}
function fn3() {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn3')
}, 1000)
}
对于以上代码如何实现: 1秒钟之后输出 fn1, 再过疫苗输出 fn2, 再过1秒输出 fn3 ?
可如下改装:
function fn1(callback) {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn1')
callback()
}, 1000)
}
function fn2(callback) {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn2')
callback()
}, 1000)
}
function fn3() {
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn3')
}, 1000)
}
fn1(function(){
fn2(function(){
fn3()
})
})
回调地狱!
什么是Promise
Promise是一个对象,对象里面存储一个状态,这个状态是可以随着内部的执行转化的,为以下三种状态之一:
等待态(Pending)、完成态(Fulfilled)、拒绝态(Rejected)。
一开始,我们先设置好等状态从 pending 变成 fulfilled 和 rejected 的预案(当成功后我们做什么,失败时我们做什么)。
Promise 启动之后,当满足成功的条件时我们让状态从 pending 变成 fullfilled (执行 resolve);当满足失败的条件,我们让状态从 pending 变成 rejected(执行 reject)
Promise 范例
范例1
Promise.prototype.then / Promise.prototype.catch
function getIp() {
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', 'https://easy-mock.com/mock/5ac2f80c3d211137b3f2843a/promise/getIp', true)
xhr.onload = function(){
var retJson = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText) // {"ip":"58.100.211.137"}
resolve(retJson.ip)
}
xhr.onerror = function(){
reject('获取IP失败')
}
xhr.send()
})
return promise
}
function getCityFromIp(ip) {
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', 'https://easy-mock.com/mock/5ac2f80c3d211137b3f2843a/promise/getCityFromIp?ip='+ip, true)
xhr.onload = function(){
var retJson = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText) // {"city": "hangzhou","ip": "23.45.12.34"}
resolve(retJson.city)
}
xhr.onerror = function(){
reject('获取city失败')
}
xhr.send()
})
return promise
}
function getWeatherFromCity(city) {
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', 'https://easy-mock.com/mock/5ac2f80c3d211137b3f2843a/promise/getWeatherFromCity?city='+city, true)
xhr.onload = function(){
var retJson = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText) //{"weather": "晴天","city": "beijing"}
resolve(retJson)
}
xhr.onerror = function(){
reject('获取天气失败')
}
xhr.send()
})
return promise
}
getIp().then(function(ip){
return getCityFromIp(ip)
}).then(function(city){
return getWeatherFromCity(city)
}).then(function(data){
console.log(data)
}).catch(function(e){
console.log('出现了错误', e)
})
Promise.all
Promise.all可以将多个Promise实例包装成一个新的Promise实例。同时,成功和失败的返回值是不同的,成功的时候返回的是一个结果数组,而失败的时候则返回最先被reject失败状态的值。
范例2
function getCityFromIp(ip) {
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', 'https://easy-mock.com/mock/5ac2f80c3d211137b3f2843a/promise/getCityFromIp?ip='+ip, true)
xhr.onload = function(){
var retJson = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText) // {"city": "hangzhou","ip": "23.45.12.34"}
resolve(retJson)
}
xhr.onerror = function(){
reject('获取city失败')
}
xhr.send()
})
return promise
}
var p1 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.1')
var p2 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.2')
var p3 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.3')
//Promise.all, 当所有的 Promise 对象都完成后再执行
Promise.all([p1, p2, p3]).then(data=>{
console.log(data)
})
Promise.race
顾名思义,Promse.race就是赛跑的意思,意思就是说,Promise.race([p1, p2, p3])里面哪个结果获得的快,就返回那个结果,不管结果本身是成功状态还是失败状态。
function getCityFromIp(ip) {
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', 'https://easy-mock.com/mock/5ac2f80c3d211137b3f2843a/promise/getCityFromIp?ip='+ip, true)
xhr.onload = function(){
var retJson = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText) // {"city": "hangzhou","ip": "23.45.12.34"}
resolve(retJson)
}
xhr.onerror = function(){
reject('获取city失败')
}
setTimeout(()=>{
xhr.send()
}, Math.random()*1000)
})
return promise
}
var p1 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.1')
var p2 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.2')
var p3 = getCityFromIp('10.10.10.3')
//Promise.race, p1p2p3只要有一个出结果了就执行
Promise.race([p1, p2, p3]).then(data=>{
console.log(data)
})
对于开头回调地狱的解决
function fn1() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn1...')
resolve()
}, 1000)
})
}
function fn2() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn2...')
resolve()
}, 1000)
})
}
function fn3() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log('fn3...')
resolve()
}, 1000)
})
}
function onerror() {
console.log('error')
}
fn1().then(fn2).then(fn3).catch(onerror)
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