Python自动化之数据驱动，让你的脚本简洁10倍 ！

前言

上次在分享 Python 的 unittest 框架时，文末提到过数据驱动。

数据驱动是一种思想，让数据和代码进行分离，比如爬虫时，我们需要分页爬取数据时，我们往往把页数 page 参数化，放在 for 循环 range 中，假如没有 range 这个自带可以生产数字序列的方法可以用，我们是不是得手动逐个添加？

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现实场景中就存在大量这样的例子，比如我之前写的爬取上海各地区房租情况的时候(上海的房租有多高？我用Python爬虫为你揭晓)，对地区进行遍历的时候，为了偷懒，我直接把这些地区的拼音全称放在了列表里，组合成各地区房源的链接。最后文章写完了，有读者反馈，少了徐汇区的统计数据。这种小数量的数据都出现了纰漏，可想而知，对于大量的数据，怎么保证数据的完整和准确性？我们需要把两者分离，数据专门储存在特定文件（比如 Excel 文件）。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

举一个小栗子：登录流程，在测试的时候，除了测试登录成功的场景，我们往往需要测到各种登录异常的场景。

写几条很常见的案例如下：

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

比如上面写了 5 条案例，数据和脚本不做分离的话，我们写自动化测试脚本需要写 5 条。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

5 条案例中，脚本都是基本一样的，只是输入框输入的数据不一样罢了。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

数据分离

我们完全可以把数据存储在 Excel 表中，我们通过循环读取 Excel 表中的数据来实现一条脚本执行多条数据。

我们先封装一个操作 Excel 文件的类，需要先安装导入包 openpyxl。

我们用这个库可以做一下功能：读取表格数据、保存执行结果。

我们先在类下写一个打开 Excel 文件的初始化方法，构造方法的作用是，当类被实例化后，会立即调用构造方法。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

读取表格数据

然后我们写一个读取 Excel 数据的方法，读取数据后返回数据列表，以便之后调用获取对应的数据，因为第 1 列数据是序号，所以直接返回第 2 列之后的数据。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

保存执行结果

实际结果和预期结果对比后，我们需要标记执行结果是 pass 或者 fail，我们需要保存结果，保存到对应的单元格中。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

我们看看我们的案例格式：

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

这样的话，我们脚本就不用写 5 条了，调用 Excel 文件的数据，循环执行案例即可，不仅逻辑清晰，还方便了后期的维护。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

这样，测试数据和脚本分离后，不同的测试数据用不同的 Excel 文件保存即可。

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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

吃饭时或者下班时执行下测试脚本，吃完饭后或者第二天上班时，查看下 Excel 里的执行结果，有 fail 再手动看看能否复现，是不是很高效？