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<源码系列> OkHttp3(一、介绍&用法

<源码系列> OkHttp3(一、介绍&用法

作者: 玉圣 | 来源:发表于2019-03-26 22:04 被阅读0次

    开门见山,直奔主题~

    目录

    • OkHttp3简介

    • OkHttp3用法
      1、GET请求
      ---- 同步
      ---- 异步
      ---- GET请求下载文件
      2、POST请求:
      ---- 提交String请求
      ---- 提交数据流请求
      ---- 提交文件请求
      ---- 提交表单请求
      ---- 提交multipart请求
      3、取消调用
      4、配置相关
      ---- 处理响应缓存
      ---- 处理响应超时
      ---- 处理单独配置请求参数
      ---- 处理身份验证
      5、拦截器

    • OkHttp3源码分析(待续)

    • OkHttp3封装应用(待续)

    OkHttp3简介

    1、链接:

    官网:https://square.github.io/okhttp/
    GitHub:https://github.com/square/okhttp

    2、简介:

    官方:An HTTP & HTTP/2 client for Android and Java applications

    OKHttp是一个处理网络请求的开源项目,Android 当前最火热网络框架之一,由移动支付Square公司贡献,用于替代HttpUrlConnection和Apache HttpClient(Android6.0 API 23里已移除HttpClient)。

    3、特征:

    OkHttp是一个默认有效的HTTP客户端
    · 支持http2,对一台机器的所有请求共享同一个socket。
    · 连接池减少了请求延迟(如果HTTP/2 不可用)。
    · 透明的GZIP压缩减少响应数据的大小。
    · 缓存响应数据,避免了重复的网络请求。

    ~自动恢复一般的连接问题
    ~ 若你的服务器配有多个IP地址,请求失败时自动重试主机的其他IP,自动重定向
    ~ OkHttp使用现代TLS技术(SNI1.3,ALPN)初始化新的连接。
    ~OkHttp的API很友好,请求和响应采用建造者模式可进行链式调用
    ~支持阻塞式的同步调用,和回调式的异步调用。

    注意:
    OkHttp最新版本(3.14.0)支持Android 5.0+(API级别21+)和Java 8+。
    如果考虑到版本限制的问题,可以使用低版本(3.12.0)
    本文参考版本为3.12.0

    OkHttp3用法

    1、引入下载

    //这里未使用最新的,是因为3.14.0版本需要在Android5.0+和Java8+版本以上
    implementation("com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.12.0")
    

    你也可能需要引入Okio(用于OkHttp,对于I/O操作和缓冲区大小都做了更好的处理):

    //没用最新的2.xx.xx版本是因为Kotlin的原因
    compile 'com.squareup.okio:okio:1.17.3'
    

    若需要看最新版本,请移步官方GitHub地址,见上。

    添加权限:

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    //可能用到
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    

    2、使用:

    使用前先了解OkHttp核心的几个类:
    · OkHttpClient:HTTP客户端对象,应当作为单例被共享。
    · Request:访问请求类,对HTTP请求的相关参数的封装。
    · RequestBody:请求体类,对HTTP请求体的封装,用于Post请求中。
    · MediaType:请求的数据类型,指明请求数据的格式(json/image/file...)
    · Response:响应结果类,即网络请求的响应结果。

    · execute():同步的请求方法,会阻塞线程,需要在工作线程中调用。
    · enqueue(Callback callBack):异步的请求方法,可直接调用。
    ··· 而Callback中的回调方法是执行在子线程中的,因此不能在其中进行UI更新操作。

    2.1、GET请求

    同步:

        /**
         * 同步Get请求
         * @param url 请求地址
         */
        private void callGetSynchronous(String url) {
            final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .get()  //此处可以省略不写,默认就是Get请求
                .url(url)
                .build();
            //同步调用会阻塞主线程,因此需要在子线程进行
            //这里只是演示,实际开发中最好使用线程池等相关技术处理
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
                        if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                            throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                        }
                        Log.e(TAG, "body==>" + response.body().string());
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
        }
    

    异步:

        /**
         * 异步GE请求
         * @param url 请求地址
         */
        private void callGetAsynchronous(String url) {
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .get()
                .url(url)
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.e(TAG, "onFailure::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                            throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::body==>" + response.body().string());
                }
            });
    
        }
    

    GET请求下载文件:

        /**
         * 异步GET下载文件
         */
        private void callDownloadFile() {
            String fileUrl = "https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt";
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url(fileUrl)
                .get()
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull final Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://publicobject.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    //保存文件,此处省略
                    saveFile(response.body().byteStream());
                }
            });
    
        }
    
    

    ·说明:
    1、同步Get请求中Response 的相关方法(至少body()方法)会阻塞线程,不能在主线程(UI线程)中进行调用,否则会报错:android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException
    2、从打印结果来看,异步Get请求的回调方法是在子线程(OkHttp自定义的线程名称)中的,所以不可以在回调方法中进行UI的更新。
    3、在异步Get请求的回调方法中response.body().string()只能有效的调用一次,否则会报错:java.lang.IllegalStateException: closed

    2.2、POST请求

    POST请求在构造时,需要传入一个RequestBody对象,用它来携带我们要提交的数据。

    一般有以下几种构造方式: RequestBody.create()

    备注:
    官方测试数据:
    url:https://api.github.com/markdown/raw
    MediaType:text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8

    提交String请求:

        /**
         * 异步POST请求字符串
         */
        private void callPostString() {
            String url = "https://api.github.com/markdown/raw";
            String postString = "This is POST RequestBody";
            MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postString);
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .post(body)
                .url(url)
                .build();
            client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    Log.e(TAG, response.protocol()  //http协议
                        + "," + response.code() //响应码
                        + "," + response.message());    //响应状态
                    Headers headers = response.headers();   //响应头
                    for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) {
                        Log.e(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i));
                    }
                    Log.d(TAG, "onResponse::" + response.body().string());  //响应内容
                }
            });
        }
    
    

    提交数据流请求:

        /**
         * 异步POST请求提交数据流
         */
        private void callPostStream() {
            String url = "https://api.github.com/markdown/raw";
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
                @Override
                public MediaType contentType() {
                    return MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
                }
    
                @Override
                public void writeTo(@NonNull BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
                    sink.writeUtf8("POST STREAM REQUESTBODY");
                }
            };
    
    
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .post(requestBody)
                .url(url)
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    Log.e(TAG, response.protocol()  //http协议
                        + "," + response.code() //响应码
                        + "," + response.message());    //响应状态
                    Headers headers = response.headers();   //响应头
                    for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) {
                        Log.e(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i));
                    }
                    Log.d(TAG, "onResponse::" + response.body().string());  //响应内容
                }
            });
        }
    
    

    提交文件请求:

        /**
         * 异步POST提交文件
         */
        private void callPostFile() {
            String url = "https://api.github.com/markdown/raw";
            MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
            File file = new File("POST_FILE.md");
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            RequestBody requestBody = RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file);
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url(url)
                .post(requestBody)
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    Log.d(TAG, "onResponse::" + response.body().string());
                }
            });
        }
    
    

    提交表单请求:
    在提交表单请求时,需要使用RequestBody 的子类FormBody 来构造表单数据,namevalue 将使用HTML兼容的表单URL编码进行编码。
    通过查看源码,其中namevalue 分别存储在如下的集合中:

      private final List<String> encodedNames;
      private final List<String> encodedValues;
    
        /**
         * 异步POST提交表单
         */
        private void callPostForm() {
            String url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php";
            FormBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
                .add("formKey", "formValue")
                .add("search", "Jurassic Park")
                .build();
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url(url)
                .post(formBody)
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    Log.d(TAG, "onResponse::" + response.body().string());
                }
            });
        }
    
    

    提交multipart请求:
    MultipartBody.Builder 可以构建与HTML文件上传表单兼容的复杂的请求体。multipart请求体中的每部分请求都是一个请求体,并可以自定义请求头。如果可用的话,这些请求头应当用来描述这一部分的请求,例如这部分的 Content-Disposition 。如果 Content-LengthContent-Type 可用的话,它们将会被自动添加到请求头中。(注:翻译自官方例子,如有错误,请指正。
    multipart请求就是将多个请求体封装到一起,进行数据请求。

        /**
         * 异步POST提交multipart请求
         */
        private void callPostMultipart() {
            String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "..."; //请自定义id
            String url = "https://api.imgur.com/3/image";
            MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");
            RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
                .setType(MultipartBody.FORM)    //multipart/form-data
                .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
                .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
                    RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
                .build();
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
                .url(url)
                .post(requestBody)
                .build();
            Call call = client.newCall(request);
            call.enqueue(new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void onFailure(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull IOException e) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "onFailure::" + e.getMessage());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onResponse(@NonNull Call call, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                    //Thread[OkHttp https://api.github.com/...,5,main]
                    Log.e(TAG, "onResponse::Thread==>" + Thread.currentThread());
                    //isUIThread==>false
                    Log.e(TAG, "isUIThread==>" + (Looper.getMainLooper().getThread()==Thread.currentThread()));
                    if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                    }
                    Log.d(TAG, "onResponse::" + response.body().string());
                }
            });
        }
    
    

    ·说明:
    1、如果响应正文是超过1Mb的,要避免使用string() 方法,因为此方法将会把整个内容加载到内存中;作为替代方式,最好可以用stream来处理响应正文。

    But if the response body is large (greater than 1 MiB), avoid string() because it will load the entire document into memory. In that case, prefer to process the body as a stream.
    
    
    2.3、取消调用:

    调用Call.cancel() 会立即停止正在进行的调用。如果某个线程当前正在写入或读取一个响应的话,它将会受到一个IOException 异常。比如说,当您的用户离开了应用的时候,是不在需要进行调用请求或响应的了,便可以用此方法来节省网络开销。同步和异步调用都可以取消。

        /**
         * 取消调用
         */
        private void callCancel() {
            ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2")
                .build();
            final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
            final Call call = client.newCall(request);
            executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    //1.00 Canceling call.
                    Log.e(TAG, String.format("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f));
                    call.cancel();
                    //1.01 Canceled call.
                    Log.e(TAG, String.format("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f));
                }
            }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    
            Log.e(TAG, String.format("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f));
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = call.execute();
                        Log.e(TAG, String.format("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
                            (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response));
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        //1.02 Call failed as expected: java.io.IOException: Canceled
                        Log.e(TAG, String.format("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
                            (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e));
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
    
        }
    
    
    2.4、配置相关

    处理响应缓存:
    如果需要缓存响应结果,您需要一个可以读写的并限制缓存大小的缓存目录,此目录必须是私有的,不能被非信任的应用程序读取缓存内容。

    让多个缓存同时访问同一缓存目录是错误的。大多数应用程序应该只调用一次new OkHttpClient() ,使用缓存配置它,并在任何地方使用同一实例。否则,两个缓存实例将相互影响,破坏响应缓存,并可能导致程序崩溃。

    响应缓存使用HTTP请求头进行所有配置。您可以添加类似的请求标头如Cache-Control: max-stale=3600 ,OkHttp的缓存将依照它们设置。您的服务器配置使用自身的响应头缓存响应时间,例如Cache-Control: max-age=9600。这些缓存缓存的响应头可强制使用缓存数据,强制使用网络数据,或强制使用GET条件验证的网络数据。
    要避免使用缓存,请使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK,要避免使用网络数据,请使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE
    ·警告:如果您使用FORCE_CACHE 并且还要请求网络数据,OkHttp将返回504 Unsatisfiable Request 响应。

        /**
         * 响应缓存
         */
        private void callCache() {
            String url = "http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt";
            File cacheDir = FileUtil.getExternalCacheDirectory(mContext, "cache_okhttp");
    //        File cacheDir = new File(FileUtil."cache_okhttp");
            int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
            Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDir, cacheSize);
            final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .cache(cache)
                .build();
    
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url(url)
                .get()
                .build();
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    String response1Body = null;
                    try {
                        Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
                        if (!response1.isSuccessful()) {
                            throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);
                        }
                        response1Body = response1.body().string();
                        //Response 1 response:         Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 1 response:          " + response1);
                        //Response 1 cache response:   null
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 1 cache response:    " + response1.cacheResponse());
                        //Response 1 network response: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 1 network response:  " + response1.networkResponse());
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
    
                    String response2Body = null;
                    try {
                        Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
                        if (!response2.isSuccessful()) {
                            throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);
                        }
                        response2Body = response2.body().string();
                        //Response 2 response:        Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 response:          " + response2);
                        //Response 2 cache response:  Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 cache response:    " + response2.cacheResponse());
                        //Response 2 network response: null
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 network response:  " + response2.networkResponse());
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    //Response 2 equals Response 1? true
                    Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
    
                }
            }).start();
    
        }
    
    

    处理响应超时:
    当连接不可用或失败时,可以通过超时来响应一个失败结果,网络连接断开可能是由于客户端的连接问题,服务器有效性的问题,或者其他问题导致的。OkHttp支持连接超时、读取超时和写入超时等。

        /**
         * 超时
         */
        private void callTimeouts() {
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .build();
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2")
                .get()
                .build();
            final Call call = client.newCall(request);
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = call.execute();
                        //Response completed: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=http://httpbin.org/delay/2}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response completed: " + response);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
        }
    
    

    处理单独配置请求参数:
    全部的客户端配置都会在OkHttpClient 中生效,包括代理设置,超时,已经缓存等。当你需要修改单独请求的配置时,可以调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder() 。这将返回与原始客户端共享的相同连接池、调度器和配置的构造器中。

       /**
         * 个性化配置
         */
        private void callPercallConfiguration() {
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1")
                .get()
                .build();
    
            final OkHttpClient client1 = client.newBuilder()
                .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
                .build();
            final OkHttpClient client2 = client.newBuilder()
                .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
                .build();
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response1 = client1.newCall(request).execute();
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 1 succeeded: " + response1);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        //Response 1 failed: java.net.SocketTimeoutException: timeout
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 1 failed: " + e);
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
    
                    try {
                        Response response2 = client2.newCall(request).execute();
                        //Response 2 succeeded: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=http://httpbin.org/delay/1}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 succeeded: " + response2);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response 2 failed: " + e);
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    //readTime1==>500,,readTime2==>3000
                    Log.e(TAG, "readTime1==>" + client1.readTimeoutMillis() + ",," +
                               "readTime2==>" + client2.readTimeoutMillis());
                }
            }).start();
    
        }
    
    

    处理身份验证:
    OkHttp可以自动重试未经身份验证的请求。当响应结果为401 Not Authorized 时,一个名为Authenticator 的类会要求提供凭据。实现应该构建一个包含丢失凭据的新请求。如果没有可用的凭据,则返回null以跳过重试。

    使用Response.challenges() 会得到任意的身份验证挑战计划和领域。在完成Basic挑战时,使用Credentials.basic(username, password) 进行编码请求头。

        /**
         * 身份验证
         */
        private void callAuthenticate() {
            OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .authenticator(new Authenticator() {
                    @Nullable
                    @Override
                    public Request authenticate(@Nullable Route route, @NonNull Response response) throws IOException {
                        if (response.request().header("Authorization") != null) {
                            return null; // 放弃验证,已经得到了一个身份验证
                        }
                        //Authenticating for response: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=401, message=Unauthorized, url=https://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt}
                        Log.e(TAG, "Authenticating for response: " + response);
                        //Challenges: [Basic authParams={realm=OkHttp Secrets}]
                        Log.e(TAG, "Challenges: " + response.challenges());
                        String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
                        return response.request().newBuilder()
                            .header("Authorization", credential)
                            .build();
                    }
                })
                .build();
    
            Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
                .get()
                .build();
            final Call call = client.newCall(request);
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = call.execute();
                        if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
                            throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
                        }
                        //Response:: 此处省略好多字......
                        Log.e(TAG, "Response::" + response.body().string());
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
        }
    
    

    您可以通过以下两种方式在身份验证不起作用时来跳过重试请求:

    • 当已经有验证身份的时候:
      if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
        return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry.
       }
    
    
    • 当达到程序限制的时候:
      if (responseCount(response) >= 3) {
        return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up.
      }
    
    

    以上代码依赖于此responseCount() 方法:

      private int responseCount(Response response) {
        int result = 1;
        while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
          result++;
        }
        return result;
      }
    
    2.5、拦截器(interceptor)

    拦截器是一种强大的机制,可以进行监视,重写和重试调用。

    使用拦截器,要实现Interceptor 接口,并实现其中的方法intercept(Interceptor.Chain chain) ,在实现此方法中,调用chain.proceed(request) 是每个拦截器实现的关键部分。因为它是所有HTTP执行的地方,并产生满足请求的响应结果。

    您可以同时加入多个拦截器,拦截器会链接在一起,因为OkHttp会用一个列表进行跟踪每一个拦截器,并按顺序调用拦截器。下图是拦截器的示意图:


    Interceptor拦截器示意图

    从示意图中可以看出,拦截器有两种:Application InterceptorsNetwork Interceptors

    示例:

    • 日志拦截器
        /**
         * 日志拦截器
         */
        class LoggingInterceptor implements Interceptor {
            @NonNull
            @Override
            public Response intercept(@NonNull Interceptor.Chain chain) throws IOException {
                Request request = chain.request();
    
                long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                Log.e(TAG, String.format("Sending request %s on %s%n%s",
                    request.url(), chain.connection(), request.headers()));
    
                Response response = chain.proceed(request);
    
                long t2 = System.nanoTime();
                Log.e(TAG, String.format("Received response for %s in %.1fms%n%s",
                    response.request().url(), (t2 - t1) / 1e6d, response.headers()));
    
                return response;
            }
        }
    
    
    • 注册Application Interceptors
        /**
         * Application Interceptors
         */
        private void callApplicationInterceptors() {
            final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .addInterceptor(new LoggingInterceptor())
                .build();
    
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
                .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Example")
                .build();
    
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
                        response.body().close();
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
    
        }
        /*
         打印结果:(一次)
         (打印的是:request.url())
         Sending request http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt on null
         User-Agent: OkHttp Example
    
         (打印的是:response.request().url())
         Received response for https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt in 4683.0ms
         Server: nginx/1.10.0 (Ubuntu)
         Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2019 14:34:52 GMT
         Content-Type: text/plain
         Content-Length: 1759
         Last-Modified: Tue, 27 May 2014 02:35:47 GMT
         Connection: keep-alive
         ETag: "5383fa03-6df"
         Accept-Ranges: bytes
         */
    
    • 注册Network Interceptors
        /**
         * Network Interceptors
         */
        private void callNetInterceptors() {
            final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .addNetworkInterceptor(new LoggingInterceptor())
                .build();
    
            final Request request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
                .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Example")
                .build();
    
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
                        response.body().close();
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }).start();
    
        }
        /*
         打印结果:
              (第一次)
         (初始化请求)
             Sending request http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt on Connection{www.publicobject.com:80, proxy=DIRECT hostAddress=www.publicobject.com/54.187.32.157:80 cipherSuite=none protocol=http/1.1}
             User-Agent: OkHttp Example
             Host: www.publicobject.com
             Connection: Keep-Alive
             Accept-Encoding: gzip
    
             Received response for http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt in 398.1ms
             Server: nginx/1.10.0 (Ubuntu)
             Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2019 14:41:14 GMT
             Content-Type: text/html
             Content-Length: 194
             Connection: keep-alive
             Location: https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt
    
              (第二次)
         (重定向)
             Sending request https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt on Connection{publicobject.com:443, proxy=DIRECT hostAddress=publicobject.com/54.187.32.157:443 cipherSuite=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 protocol=http/1.1}
             User-Agent: OkHttp Example
             Host: publicobject.com
             Connection: Keep-Alive
             Accept-Encoding: gzip
        
             Received response for https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt in 1498.7ms
             Server: nginx/1.10.0 (Ubuntu)
             Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2019 14:41:16 GMT
             Content-Type: text/plain
             Content-Length: 1759
             Last-Modified: Tue, 27 May 2014 02:35:47 GMT
             Connection: keep-alive
             ETag: "5383fa03-6df"
             Accept-Ranges: bytes 
         */
    

    从上面的示例来比较两者区别:

    • 注册的调用方式不同:
        //Application Interceptors
        OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
            .addInterceptor(自定义的应用拦截器);
        //Network Interceptors
        OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
            .addNetworkInterceptor(自定义的网络拦截器);
    
    • 调用次数不同:
      Application Interceptors 调用了一次,在返回响应内容时调用了一次
      Network Interceptors 调用了两次,一次在初始请求时,一次用于重定向
    • 网络请求还包含更多数据,例如通过OkHttp添加的请求头Accept-Encoding: gzip ,用于告知对响应压缩的支持。网络拦截器Chain 具有非空值Connection ,可用于询问用于连接到Web服务器的IP地址和TLS配置。

    每种拦截器的有点:

    应用拦截器

    • 不需要担心重定向和重试等中间响应。
    • 即使从缓存提供HTTP响应,也始终调用一次。
    • 观察应用程序的原始意图。没有关注OkHttp注入的请求头If-None-Match
    • 允许绕过且不调用Chain.proceed()
    • 允许重试并进行多次调用Chain.proceed()

    网络拦截器

    • 能够对重定向和重试等中间响应进行操作。
    • 不调用网络而使用缓存响应。
    • 观察数据,就像它将通过网络传输一样。
    • 访问Connection请求。

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