楼主目前定居澳大利亚,在昆士兰大学念博士。对孕妇健康特别是孕妇食物选择有一些自己的研究和心得,不敢私藏,写下来与大家分享。
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不用我多说,在孕期保持健康的饮食非常重要,因为这关系到宝宝的健康甚至是他/她一生的幸福。
在这期间你需要摄入比平时更多的营养、维生素和矿物质[1-2]。
准确地来说,在第二孕期(13周-27周)和第三孕期(28周-分娩),你每天需要额外吸收350-500的卡路里。[3]
而如果在饮食中缺乏一些关键的营养成分,对宝宝的成长将有很大影响。[4-8]
此外,不良的饮食习惯和过快的体重增加也会增加妊娠期糖尿病以及发生妊娠/分娩并发症的风险。[9-10]
简单地说,选择健康、营养的食物将有助于确保你和你宝宝的健康。也有助于你在生育过后尽快地恢复苗条的身材。
下面是13种极力推荐在孕期常备的食物。不像其他营养育儿公号一样没有数据和研究结果就敢信口开河,以下的每字每句都有权威科学文献作支撑。
1.乳制品
乳制品,特别是酸奶,是怀孕期间的极佳选择。乳制品有助于提供蛋白质和钙质,同时其中所含的益生菌也对降低罹患孕期疾病风险极有好处。
在怀孕期间,你需要消耗额外的蛋白质和钙质,以满足体内不断成长的宝宝的需要。[11-12]
而乳制品包含有两种高档蛋白:酪蛋白和乳清。同时乳制品也是食物中钙质最主要的来源,而且它还可以提供大量的磷、多种维生素B、镁以及锌。堪称孕期至宝。
在这里我们最为推荐的乳制品是酸奶,因为它是乳制品中含钙量最多的食物[13],并且酸奶中含有多种益生菌,有助于消化系统的健康。[14-16]此外乳糖不耐症患者也可以喝酸奶,尤其是益生菌酸奶。[17]而孕期服用益生菌可降低发生先兆子痫、妊娠期糖尿病、阴道感染及过敏等并发症的风险
坏消息是,孕妇对于蛋白质、钙质的需求远超正常饮食中所食用的乳制品,此外过多食用乳制品也有肥胖的风险。
而好消息是,现在有许多孕妇营养补充类保健品。而在国内厂商信誉度普遍探底并义无反顾地坚持探底的前提下,海外营养品成了很多准妈妈的极佳选择甚至是刚需。就笔者目前生活的澳洲来说,就有许多能够提供上述营养物质的保健品,如Swisse公司的维生素D钙片(因为曝出孙俪怀孕时吃的就是这个,所以又称孙俪钙)、bioisland公司的乳钙片、life space公司的孕期益生菌等。下面放图,有需要的同学可以私信我。
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2.豆类
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豆类食物是叶酸、植物纤维以及其他营养物质及矿物质的绝佳食物来源。其中叶酸是怀孕期间一个非常重要的营养成分,叶酸摄入不足将提高新生儿神经系统缺陷或疾病的发生概率。
豆类食物包括有扁豆、豌豆、黄豆、鹰嘴豆、大豆以及花生等。
豆类食物中包含有丰富的植物纤维、蛋白质、铁元素、叶酸(维生素B9)以及钙质,这些都是怀孕期间身体需要大量补充的营养物质。
其中叶酸是维生素B的一种(B9),它对准妈妈和宝宝的健康非常非常重要,特别是处于第一孕期时(1-12周)
但是绝大多数的孕妇对它不了解或者有听说过但是还是不了解其重要性以致没有认真对待,导致最后叶酸摄入不足[19-20]
科学研究表明,叶酸摄入不足会造成婴儿神经系统缺陷以及体重过轻,同时还会导致宝宝将来更易感染疾病。[21-23]
此外,豆类食物通常来说还含有非常高的植物纤维,像扁豆、黄豆等还有很高的铁、镁以及钾元素。
同样地,澳大利亚有许多保健品具有补充叶酸、补铁的功效,可以作为营养补充食物。比如孕期三件宝之一的爱乐维,以及铁元口服液。下面放图。
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3.红薯
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红薯富含β-胡萝卜素,而β-胡萝卜素又是人体必需的维生素A的主要来源。这种维生素A对宝宝在成长过程中的细胞和组织的健康生长有关键性的作用。
红薯中含有极丰富的β-胡萝卜素,而这种营养素是人体维生素A的主要来源。维生素A则对宝宝在成长过程中的细胞和组织的健康生长有关键性的作用。[24]科学研究发现,为了保证宝宝的健康,孕妇需要比平时多摄入10%-40%的维生素A。[25-27]但同时,科学家建议孕妇不要过多地摄入动物维生素A,因为过量的动物维生素A有可能会产生毒素。[28-29]
我想一个热气腾腾的烤红薯是许多人对于冬天的记忆。但谁能想到,以前低调朴实的红薯竟然对宝宝有这么重要的作用?所以谁说好吃就没营养了,红薯翻身就教你做人。
还不止β-胡萝卜素,红薯同样含有丰富的植物纤维,可以提高饱腹感,降低血糖以及提高消化系统的健康和流动性。[30-32]
4.三文鱼(鲑鱼)
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三文鱼中含有人体必需的omega-3脂肪酸EPA和DHA,他们对宝宝的大脑和眼部发育有重要作用。三文鱼同时也是维生素D的一种天然食物来源。
三文鱼这样的海鲜不光味美,堪称人间尤物,而且也是怀孕期间不可多得的健康食物。
三文鱼含有非常丰富的omega-3脂肪酸。绝大多数人,包括对健康比较关心孕妇,对于omega-3的摄入,仍远远达不到足够的水平。[33-34]omega-3脂肪酸在怀孕期间是必不可少的,特别是长链omega-3脂肪酸DHA和EPA。
DHA和EPA在海鲜中广泛存在,他们对婴儿的大脑和视力发育至关重要。[35]
然而孕妇通常被告知要尽量减少海鲜的摄入,一星期最多只能吃两次,而且总量要少于340g,因为在某些海产中发现了汞和其他污染物。[36]
这导致许多孕妇完全不敢吃海鲜,而这样虽然减少了被污染物侵害的危险,却也同时减少了必需的omega-3脂肪酸。
但是研究结果显示,如果孕妇每周保持吃2-3顿的三文鱼,她们血液中的omega-3、EPA和DHA都将达到推荐水平。[37-38]
三文鱼同时也是极少的天然维生素D来源,其他食物当中很少能够有在这点与之相媲美的。而我们都知道,维生素D对宝宝骨骼健康以及免疫系统有重要作用。[39-40]
既然科学家们发现海鱼当中有汞等污染物,而omega-3脂肪酸、特别是DHA等对宝宝来说又是至关重要的,那么为什么不考虑选择一些放心的辅助保健品来维持这些营养物质的吸收水平,同时还没有被汞等重金属污染的风险呢?在澳洲,有一些非常有名的保健品就可以提供非常高质量的DHA,比如下面的bioisland 孕妇DHA、鱼油以及澳佳宝Blackmores的孕期黄金素。
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5.鸡蛋
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鸡蛋不是你想的那样,普普通通,它几乎能够为你提供所有营养物质,尤其是对孕妇来说,其较高的胆碱含量,可以促进宝宝的神经系统以及脑部发育。
很多人可能觉得,鸡蛋么,是再普通不过的了,但实际上鸡蛋是非常非常非常健康的食物,它包含你所需要的几乎所有营养物质。其中包括高品质蛋白、丰富的维生素以及矿物质。
鸡蛋同时也是胆碱的重要来源。胆碱对于人体的许多生长代谢活动是必需的,包括脑补发育以及身体的健康发展。[41]而美国一项膳食研究发现超过90%的人摄入的胆碱低于健康水平。[42]
在怀孕期间,如果胆碱的摄入量过低的话,有可能造成宝宝神经系统缺陷,甚至有可能损坏脑功能。[43-44]
而一个鸡蛋当中就含有113毫克的胆碱,可以提供孕妇每日25%的胆碱摄入指标(450毫克)。[45]
6.西蓝花以及绿色蔬菜
西兰花和绿叶蔬菜含有大量孕妇需要的营养。他们也含有丰富的纤维,可以帮助预防或治疗便秘。
西蓝花以及绿色蔬菜,比如芥蓝、菠菜等,都包含有许多对孕妇需要的营养物质。
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比如植物纤维素、维生素C、维生素A、维生素K、钙、铁、钾以及叶酸。
此外,西蓝花以及绿色蔬菜还含有丰富的抗氧化剂以及植物化合物,对免疫系统和消化系统大有助益。[46]
由于其纤维含量高,这些蔬菜还可以预防便秘,而便秘是在孕妇中非常普遍发生的问题。[47]
最后,绿色蔬菜还有助于防止新生儿体重过轻的情况发生。[48-49]
各位宝妈如果对本文感兴趣,可以加我wei:yxraus888,可帮您进行保健品采购服务。
希望这些信息能对您有用,并祝您生一个健康快乐的宝宝。
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