** 薄荷阅读《心理学百科》笔记整理
THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK
>> Psychotherapy: The Unconscious Determines Behavior –
·The Struggle Between the Life and Death Instincts Persists Throughout Life·
** 生本能与死本能的争斗持续一生
【背景知识】
Melanie Klein
梅兰妮·克莱因
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生本能与死本能的争斗持续一生>> One of four children, Melanie Klein was born in Austria. Her parents, who later divorced, were cold and unaffectionate.
** 梅兰妮·克莱因出生在奥地利,是家里的四个孩子之一。她的父母没什么感情,后来离婚了。
>> At 17, she became engaged to Arthur Klein, an industrial chemist, casting aside her plans to study medicine.
** 17岁时,她与工业化学家亚瑟·克莱因订婚,并放弃了学医的计划。
>> Klein decided to become a psychoanalyst after reading a book by Sigmund Freud in 1910.
** 1910年,在阅读了一本弗洛伊德的著作后,克莱因决定成为一名精神分析学者。
>> She suffered from depression herself, and was haunted by death: her adored elder sister died when Klein was four; her older brother died in a suspected suicide; and her son was killed in a climbing accident in 1933.
** 她自己深受抑郁症的困扰,并且被死亡所缠绕: 4岁时,她敬爱的姐姐死去了,她的哥哥死于疑似自杀,她的儿子也在1933年的一场登山事故中丧命。
** 但她十分坚强,不仅在学术上取得了很高的成就,并年享近80的高寿。
>> A dinner to celebrate Melanie Klein's 70th birthday
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生本能与死本能的争斗持续一生>> Although Klein did not have any formal qualifications, she was a major influence in the field of psychoanalysis, and is particularly revered for her work with children, and for her use of play as a form of therapy.
** 虽然克莱因没任何官方认证,但她在精神分析领域有着巨大的影响力,特别是她对儿童心理学的贡献尤其令人尊敬,她是第一个将游戏运用于治疗当中的心理分析学家。她也是客体关系理论的开创者之一。
>> 客体关系理论 object-relations theory
** 分析心理学中的客体关系理论研究的内容是:儿童时期环境对人心灵发展所造成的影响。在心理动力学理论基础上,客体关系理论认为:人们在成人生活中与他人交往方式是由婴儿时期的家庭经历所塑造的。
** 例如,一个在婴儿期被忽视或遭受虐待的成年人会认为其他人也会对他们做出类似的行为,一些人会让他们想起被父母忽视或虐待的过去。这些人和事件的景象就成了无意识中的“客体”,并被自我带入到成年生活。这个客体后来会被他们的无意识用来预测其他人在与他们社交时将会产生的行为。
>> 克莱因主要作品 Key Works
1932 《儿童精神分析》The Psychoanalysis of Children
1935 《躁狂抑郁症的心理过程》A Contribution to The Psychogenesis of Manic
1955 《嫉妒与感恩》Envy and Gratitude
1961 《一个儿童的分析过程》Narrative of a Child Analysis
>> 【句子解析】
1. Klein claimed that our tendencies towards growth and creation – from procreation to creativity – are forced to run constantly against an equally powerful and destructive force, and that this ongoing psychic tension underlies all suffering.
** 本句大意:克莱因称,我们成长和创造的驱动力——从繁衍到创造——永远与具有同等力度并具毁灭性的力量相抵,这种持续的精神紧张是所有痛苦的根源。
>> 2. As this state of tolerance is the best that we can hope for, Klein found it unsurprising that life falls short of what people desire or believe they deserve, resulting in depression and disappointment.
** 本句大意:这样的忍受状态是我们所能追求的最好状态,所以克莱因不难发现:人们因为觉得生活没有自己想要的或者应得的东西,结果出现了抑郁和绝望。
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