介绍
Ansible 是一款能够实现批量系统配置、程序部署、运行命令等功能的自动化运维工具,可以很方便的操作多台服务器。
安装
- 环境
Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS
ansible 2.9.27
- 更新源
$ apt update
- 安装通用的管理软件库的工具
$ apt install software-properties-common
- 添加 ansible 的源
$ apt-add-repository --yes --update ppa:ansible/ansible
- 再次更新源并安装 ansible
$ apt update && apt install -y ansible
- 查看版本
$ ansible --version
ansible 2.9.27
目前为止,ansible已经安装成功。
配置Inventory
Inventory 默认保存在 /etc/ansible/hosts 配置文件中
- 修改 /etc/ansible/hosts 文件
[local]
127.0.0.1 ansible_ssh_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_pass=123456
[remote]
121.5.206.236 ansible_ssh_user=ubuntu ansible_ssh_pass=123456
参数 | 说明 |
---|---|
ansible_connection | 连接到主机的类型,任何可能的连接插件名称,例如,SSH 协议类型中有:ssh、smart 或 paramiko |
ansible_host | 要连接的主机名称 |
ansible_port | ssh 端口号 |
ansible_user | 默认 ssh 用户名 |
ansible_ssh_pass | ssh 密码 |
ansible_ssh_private_key_file | 由 ssh 使用的私钥文件 |
临时命令AD-HOC
AD-HOC 返回类型 | 说明 |
---|---|
success | 执行成功 |
changed | 修改成功 |
failed | 执行失败 |
- 修改 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 文件
host_key_checking = False
去除这一行前面的注释
#
,禁用 ssh 连接时检查验证 HOST KEY。
- ansible 命令格式
$ ansible 主机名或组名 -m 模块名 -a "模块参数" 其他参数
- 对 local 分组执行命令
$ ansible local -m ping
- 对 remote 分组执行命令
$ ansible remote -m ping
- 对所有机器执行命令
$ ansible all -m ping
- 查看 setup 模块中 local 分组机器的信息
$ ansible local -m setup
- remote 组的机器输出 Hello World
$ ansible remote -a "/bin/echo Hello World"
- remote 组中的主机在指定目录下创建文件,并设置权限
$ ansible remote -m file -a "dest=/home/ubuntu/file state=touch mode=777"
- 使用 shell 模块查看所有机器的剩余空间
$ ansible all -m shell -a "free -m"
Playbook语法结构
Playbook 正如它的名字一样,它是一个整的“剧本”,通过系统配置复杂的多机器部署,配置文件默认使用 YAML 格式,更多参考 Playbooks 官方中文文档。
---
# 参数表示一个或多个组或主机,多个时用逗号分隔。
- hosts: remote
# 用户名
remote_user: root
# 如果需要用 sudo 权限需添加 become: true
become: true
vars:
# 对机器实际执行的任务
tasks:
# 每个任务的名称
- name: Install the package "bc"
apt:
name: bc
state: present
# handlers只会被执行一次,最佳应用场景是重启服务、触发系统重启操作。
handlers:
...
编写完 YAML 格式配置文件后,使用 ansible-playbook 命令执行即可
ansible-playbook *.yaml
。
Ansible模块
“剧本”中会有一幕幕的“演奏”,playbooks 中由多个 plays 组成,plays 也称为 tasks,这些任务就是对 ansible 模块的调用,下面列举几个 ansible 常用模块的示例。
- service 模块示例
# 启动php7.0-fpm服务
---
- hosts: local
become: true
tasks:
- name: make sure php7.0-fpm is running
service: name=php7.0-fpm state=started
...
# 上面的语句等同于以下写法
---
- hosts: local
become: true
tasks:
- service:
name: php7.0-fpm
state: stopped
...
# 安装apache2服务并启动
---
- hosts: local
become: true
tasks:
- name: "Install Apache"
apt:
name: apache2
state: present
- name: "Startup Apache"
service:
name: apache2
state: started
enabled: yes
...
- shell 模块示例
# 下载并安装redis服务
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
tasks:
- name: make download redis
shell: git clone https://hub.fastgit.xyz/phpredis/phpredis.git
- name: make install redis
shell: /usr/bin/phpize7.0 && ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/bin/php-config && make && make install
args:
chdir: /home/ubuntu/phpredis
...
# 在指定目录下创建一个文件,并赋予权限
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
tasks:
- name: create a file
file:
path: /home/ubuntu/file
state: touch
owner: ubuntu
mode: 'u+rw,g+rw'
...
# 复制一个文件到指定目录
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
tasks:
- name: copy a file
copy:
src: /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
dest: /etc/nginx/sites-available/yuhal.com
...
# 安装docker
---
- hosts: local
become: true
vars:
ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3
tasks:
- name: Install aptitude using apt
apt: name=aptitude state=latest update_cache=yes force_apt_get=yes
- name: Install required system packages
apt: name={{ item }} state=latest update_cache=yes
loop: [ 'apt-transport-https', 'ca-certificates', 'software-properties-common']
- name: add apt-key of dockers
apt_key:
url: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg
state: present
- name: Add Docker Repository
apt_repository:
repo: deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu xenial stable
state: present
- name: Update apt and install docker-ce
apt: update_cache=yes name=docker-ce state=latest
...
Playbook执行控制
- 判断
# 当变量switch为true时执行shell
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
vars:
switch: true
tasks:
- shell: echo "The switch is on"
when: switch
...
# 当item>5时打印输出
---
- hosts: local
tasks:
- name: condition
command: echo {{ item }}
with_items: [ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]
when: item > 5
...
- 标准循环
# 添加多个用户
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
tasks:
- name: add several users
user:
name: "{{ item }}"
state: present
groups: "ubuntu"
with_items:
- user1
- user2
...
# 上面的语句等同于以下写法
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
tasks:
- name: add user user3
user:
name: "user3"
state: present
groups: "ubuntu"
- name: add user user4
user:
name: "user4"
state: present
groups: "ubuntu"
...
- 嵌套循环
# 设置用户访问多个数据库
---
- hosts: remote
become: true
vars:
item: []
tasks:
- name: give users access to multiple databases
mysql_user:
name: "{{item[0]}}"
priv: "{{item[1]}}.*:ALL"
append_privs: yes
password: "123456"
with_nested:
- ['dbuser1','dbuser2']
- ['mysql','sys']
...
Ansible调试
ansible常用参数 | 说明 |
---|---|
-v | 输出详细信息 |
-vv | 输出更详细的信息 |
-vvv | 输出十分详细的信息 |
- debug 模块
---
- hosts: local
tasks:
- name: user register
shell: echo $PATH
register: user
- debug: msg={{user}}
...
- plugins 插件
借助 plugins 可以更方便的显示 debug 信息,可以在配置文件 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 中查看有哪些插件。
# set plugin path directories here, separate with colons
#action_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/action
#become_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/become
#cache_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/cache
#callback_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
#connection_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/connection
#lookup_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/lookup
#inventory_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/inventory
#vars_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/vars
#filter_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/filter
#test_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/test
#terminal_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/terminal
#strategy_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/strategy
这些插件在 GitHub 中是公开的,可以直接克隆下来,下面举例下载 action_plugins 插件。
- 下载 action_plugins 插件
$ git clone https://github.com/n0ts/ansible-human_log.git
- 查看 ansible-human_log 目录
$ ls ansible-human_log
human_log.py README.md
- 将 human_log.py 复制到 callback_plugins 预定义的插件位置
$ mkdir -p /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
$ mv ansible-human_log/human_log.py /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback/human_log.py
插件安装完成后,再次执行之前的 yaml,就可以看到返回的 msg 信息啦。
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