ThreadLocal是什么
/**
* This class provides thread-local variables. These variables differ from
* their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
* {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
* copy of the variable. {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
* static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
* a user ID or Transaction ID).
*
* <p>For example, the class below generates unique identifiers local to each
* thread.
* A thread's id is assigned the first time it invokes {@code ThreadId.get()}
* and remains unchanged on subsequent calls.
*/
简单的翻译一下就是
这个类提供thread-local变量，这些变量与线程的局部变量不同，每个线程都保存一份改变量的副本，可以通过get或者set方法访问。如果开发者希望将类的某个静态变量（user ID或者transaction ID）与线程状态关联，则可以考虑使用ThreadLocal。
ThreadLocal提供了线程的局部变量，每个线程都可以通过set()和get()来对这个局部变量进行操作，但不会和其他线程的局部变量进行冲突，实现了线程的数据隔离。
简要言之：往ThreadLocal中填充的变量属于当前线程，该变量对其他线程而言是隔离的。
ThreadLocal使用方法
package com.lance.study;
public class ThreadLocalTest {
static class ResourceClass {
public final static ThreadLocal<String> RESOURCE_1 =
new ThreadLocal<String>();
public final static ThreadLocal<String> RESOURCE_2 =
new ThreadLocal<String>();
}
static class A {
public void setOne(String value) {
ResourceClass.RESOURCE_1.set(value);
}
public void setTwo(String value) {
ResourceClass.RESOURCE_2.set(value);
}
}
static class B {
public void display() {
System.out.println(ResourceClass.RESOURCE_1.get()
+ ":" + ResourceClass.RESOURCE_2.get());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final A a = new A();
final B b = new B();
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
final String resouce1 = "线程-" + i;
final String resouce2 = " value = (" + i + ")";
new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
a.setOne(resouce1);
a.setTwo(resouce2);
b.display();
} finally {
ResourceClass.RESOURCE_1.remove();
ResourceClass.RESOURCE_2.remove();
}
}
}.start();
}
}
}
输出结果：
线程-0: value = (0)
线程-1: value = (1)
线程-2: value = (2)
线程-3: value = (3)
线程-4: value = (4)
线程-5: value = (5)
线程-6: value = (6)
线程-7: value = (7)
线程-8: value = (8)
线程-9: value = (9)
线程-10: value = (10)
线程-11: value = (11)
线程-12: value = (12)
线程-13: value = (13)
线程-14: value = (14)
大家可以看到输出的线程顺序并非最初定义线程的顺序，理论上可以说明多线程应当是并发执行的，但是依然可以保持每个线程里面的值是对应的，说明这些值已经达到了线程私有的目的。
ThreadLocal原理
翻看源码，我们发现ThreadLocal类的用法非常简单，它提供了如下三个public方法。
- T get()：返回此线程局部变量中当前线程副本中的值。
- void remove()：删除此线程局部变量中当前线程的值。
- void set()：设置此线程局部变量中当前线程副本中的值。
现在我们来一步步看看源码中到底怎么做处理的，首先我们来看一下set方法。
/**
* Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
* to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
* override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
* method to set the values of thread-locals.
*
* @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
* this thread-local.
*/
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
首先我们看到set方法先获取了当前线程，然后又引入了一个ThreadLocalMap的东东，这个东西是什么呢？那我们先去看看ThreadLocalMap这个是个什么。
/**
* ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
* maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
* outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
* allow declaration of fields in class Thread. To help deal with
* very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
* WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
* used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
* the table starts running out of space.
*/
static class ThreadLocalMap {
/**
* The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
* its main ref field as the key (which is always a
* ThreadLocal object). Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
* == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
* entry can be expunged from table. Such entries are referred to
* as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
*/
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
/**
* The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
...
}
这个Entry的key就是ThreadLocal本身，value就是设置的值。
如果该Map不存在，则初始化一个。
/**
* Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
通过上面我们可以发现的是ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的一个内部类。用Entry类来进行存储
我们的值都是存储到这个Map上的，key是当前ThreadLocal对象！
如果该Map可以获取到，则直接获取。
/**
* Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @return the map
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
可以看出，Thread维护了ThreadLocalMap变量。
/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
* by the ThreadLocal class. */
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
从上面又可以看出，ThreadLocalMap是在ThreadLocal中使用内部类来编写的，但对象的引用是在Thread中！
于是我们可以总结出：Thread为每个线程维护了ThreadLocalMap这么一个Map，而ThreadLocalMap的key是ThreadLocal对象本身，value则是要存储的对象。
然后我们来看一下get方法。
/**
* Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
* thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
* current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
* by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
*
* @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
*/
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
/**
* Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
* of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
*
* @return the initial value
*/
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}
简而言之就是获取Map中的值，如果没有设置过值，则值默认为null。
最后我们来看一下remove方法。
/**
* Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
* variable. If this thread-local variable is subsequently
* {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
* reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
* unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
* in the interim. This may result in multiple invocations of the
* {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public void remove() {
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);
}
ThreadLocal内存泄漏
ThreadLocal内存泄漏的根源是：由于ThreadLocalMap的生命周期跟Thread一样长，如果没有手动删除对应key就会导致内存泄漏，而不是因为弱引用。
这个问题确实存在，没办法通过ThreadLocal解决，而是需要程序员在完成ThreadLocal的使用后要养成手动调用remove的习惯，从而避免内存泄漏。
ThreadLocal使用场景
- 最典型的是管理数据库的Connection：当时在学JDBC的时候，为了方便操作写了一个简单数据库连接池，需要数据库连接池的理由也很简单，频繁创建和关闭Connection是一件非常耗费资源的操作，因此需要创建数据库连接池。
- Web系统Session的存储：Web容器采用线程隔离的多线程模型，也就是每一个请求都会对应一条线程，线程之间相互隔离，没有共享数据。这样能够简化编程模型，程序员可以用单线程的思维开发这种多线程应用。当请求到来时，可以将当前Session信息存储在ThreadLocal中，在请求处理过程中可以随时使用Session信息，每个请求之间的Session信息互不影响。当请求处理完成后通过remove方法将当前Session信息清除即可。
ThreadLocal原理总结
- 每个Thread维护着一个ThreadLocalMap的引用。
- ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的内部类，用Entry来进行存储。
- 调用ThreadLocal的set()方法时，实际上就是往ThreadLocalMap设置值，key是ThreadLocal对象，值是传递进来的对象。
- 调用ThreadLocal的get()方法时，实际上就是往ThreadLocalMap获取值，key是ThreadLocal对象。
- ThreadLocal本身并不存储值，它只是作为一个key来让线程从ThreadLocalMap获取value。
- 为了避免内存泄漏问题，需要手动调用remove方法。
正因为这个原理，所以ThreadLocal能够实现“数据隔离”，获取当前线程的局部变量值，不受其他线程影响～
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