我们都不喜欢打针，有些小朋友甚至害怕打针。随着科学技术的发展，将来“打针”就是让药物从皮肤渗透到体内。不再需要用针来戳，自然就不疼了。
Will 'digital skin' lead to painless injections?
by Lee Bell
Thanks to advances in technology, the healthcare industry is constantly being revolutionized. This is especially evident in how we find and develop drugs as well as how they are delivered.
advance /ədˈvɑːns/ n. 进步
healthcare /ˈhelθkeə(r)/ n. 医疗保健
constantly /ˈkɒnst(ə)ntli/ adv. 不断地、总是（由constant加后缀-ly变成副词）
revolutionize /ˌrevəˈluːʃ(ə)naɪz/ v. 发生革命、彻底改变（由revolution加后缀-ize变成动词）
evident /ˈevɪd(ə)nt/ adj. 明显的、显然的
drug /drʌɡ/ n. 药物、药品
as well as = and also
deliver /dɪˈlɪvə(r)/ v. 交付、给予（这里指让药物进入病人体内）
An organization called Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is currently looking at ways we can develop and administer drugs more efficiently, economically, and ethically. The firm has patented a new computer model which it says could not only completely change the way drugs are delivered into the body but reduce the need for animal testing in the years ahead.
currently /ˈkʌr(ə)ntli/ adv. 现在、目前（由current加后缀-ly变成副词）
administer /ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)/ v. 给予
efficiently /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)ntli/ adv. 高效地（由efficient加后缀-ly变成副词）
economically /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk(ə)li/ adv. 经济地、少花钱地（由economical加后缀-ly变成副词）
ethically /ˈeθɪk(ə)li/ adv. 道德地、合乎伦理地
patent /ˈpeɪt(ə)nt/ v. 获得专利
model /ˈmɒd(ə)l/ n. 模型、科学模型（computer model指在计算机上运行的模型）
Called "digital skin", the innovation comes from an area of research currently being focused on by both personal care and pharmaceutical companies. That area is how to deliver drugs painlessly through the skin, rather than through pills, injections or other invasive methods.
innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 创新
focus /ˈfəʊkəs/ on 专注于、集中精力于
personal care 个人护理
pharmaceutical /ˌfɑːməˈs(j)uːtɪk(ə)l/ adj. 制药的
painlessly /ˈpeɪnləsli/ adv. 无痛地（由pain加上表示否定的后缀-less并变成形容词painless，再加后缀-ly变成副词）
pill /pɪl/ n. 药片
injection /ɪnˈdʒekʃ(ə)n/ n. 打针、注射（由inject加后缀-ion变成名词）
invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ adj. 有创的
TCS's digital skin development is a digital replica of every distinct layer of skin. This, the firm says, enables researches to explore hundreds of thousands of molecule and drug combinations, far beyond what is currently achievable with traditional animal testing.
replica /ˈreplɪkə/ n. 复制品
distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adj. 不同的、有区别的
layer /ˈleɪə(r)/ n. 层、一层
enable /ɪˈneɪb(ə)l/ v. 使得、使能够
explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ v. 探究、深入研究
molecule /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/ n. 分子
combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 组合（由combine加后缀-ation变成名词）
achievable /əˈtʃiːvəb(ə)l/ adj. 可以实现的（由achieve加后缀-able变成形容词）
traditional /trəˈdɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 传统的（由tradition加后缀-al变成形容词）
Testing using the digital skin is not only much more accurate, but it's better than animal skin because the latter is not the same as our skin. The animal models don't replicate human behavior, which means that, quite often, your drug fails in later stage clinical trials.
accurate /ˈækjurət/ adj. 准确的
the latter /ˈlætə(r)/ 后者
replicate /ˈreplɪkeɪt/ v. 高度仿制
fail /feɪl/ v. 失败
stage /steɪdʒ/ n. 阶段
clinical /ˈklɪnɪk(ə)l/ adj. 临床的
trial /ˈtraɪəl/ n. 试验（由try加后缀-al变成名词）
There's also the issue of what is lost through current vaccination methods. The skin's primary job is to keep harmful bacteria and viruses from being able to enter. Therefore, many drugs have to be injected. So when drugs are delivered in a pill or through an injection, the body starts to break them down, meaning that only 20% to 30% reaches the intended target. In addition, releasing a drug in a controlled or prolonged manner is difficult to achieve using these methods.
current /ˈkʌr(ə)nt/ adj. 现在的、目前的
vaccination /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 打疫苗、免疫接种
primary /ˈpraɪm(ə)ri/ adj. 最重要的、首要的
harmful /ˈhɑːmf(ə)l/ adj. 有害的（由harm加后缀-ful变成形容词）
bacterium /bækˈtɪəriəm/ n. 细菌（bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/ 是复数）
virus /ˈvaɪərəs/ n. 病毒
therefore /ˈðeəfɔː(r)/ adv. 因此
inject /ɪnˈdʒekt/ v. 注射
break down 分解
target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ n. 目标
in addition /əˈdɪʃ(ə)n/ 此外、另外
release /rɪˈliːs/ v. 释放
prolong /prəˈlɒŋ/ v. 拉长、延长
manner /ˈmænə(r)/ n. 方式
TCS's new digital skin computer model simulate ways in which drugs could be delivered, could go some way to solving these issues. "This technology has the potential to revolutionize the development of personal care products, particularly anti-aging ones," the company said.
simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/ v. 模拟
go some way to doing something 在某事上取得进展
potential /pəˈtenʃ(ə)l/ n. 潜力
particularly /pəˈtɪkjuləli/ adv. 尤其、特别是
anti- /ˈænti/ 前缀，意思是“抗、反”
age /eɪdʒ/ v. 变老（anti-aging就是抗衰老）
"The key to this lies in working out how drugs can be attached to molecules that are small enough to penetrate the skin's layers," the firm added. "Currently, most drug molecules can't be delivered through direct skin contact, because they are too large to penetrate the skin's barrier."
key /kiː/ n. 关键
lie in 在于
work out 算出、得到答案
attach /əˈtætʃ/ v. 附着
penetrate /ˈpenɪtreɪt/ v. 穿透、穿过
contact /ˈkɒntækt/ n. 接触
barrier /ˈbæriə(r)/ n. 屏障、障碍
If the development makes it to the mainstream, it could eliminate the need for trials on live animals, which could see a drastic reduction in the time a drug takes to get to market. Patients would also enjoy less invasive drug delivery.
make it 成功做成某事
the mainstream /ˈmeɪnstriːm/ 主流
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ v. 消除
live /laɪv/ adj. 活的
drastic /ˈdræstɪk/ adj. 急剧的
reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/ n. 下降、减少（由reduce加后缀-tion变成名词）
delivery /dɪˈlɪv(ə)ri/ n. 交付、给药
（如果您使用的是火狐浏览器，可能会发现某些行的最后一个单词被分成两半了，这是简书系统的Bug，换成Chrome或其他浏览器就能正常显示了。）
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