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Angular 依赖注入

Angular 依赖注入

作者: JustTheSame | 来源:发表于2018-08-11 13:32 被阅读149次

    Angular 依赖注入

    依赖注入:Dependency Injection 简称DI

    控制反转:Inversion of Control 简称IOC

    var product = new Product();
    createShipment(product);
    
    var product = new MockProduct();
    createShipment(product);
    

    通过手工的实例化对象。

    依赖注入的好处

    @NgModule({
        providers: [ProductService]
        = providers: [{provide: ProductService, useClass: ProductService}]
        = providers: [{provide: ProductService, useClass: AnotherProductService}]//这样切换项目对于ProductComponent不需要修改。
    })
    export class AppModule {}
    
    @Component({
        ...省略组件配置
    })
    export class ProductComponent {
        product: Product;
        constructor(productService: ProductService) {//需要ProductService的Token,即上方provide对应的值。
            this.product = productService.getProduct();
        }
    }
    

    依赖注入

    • 注入器constructor(private productService: ProductService){}
    • 提供器providers: [ProductService]providers: [{provide: ProductService, useClass: ProductService}]还可以使用工厂方法返回实例providers: [{provide: ProductService, userFactory: () => {...}}]

    生成组件和服务,分别使用指令:ng g component product1ng g service shared/product

    首先定义商品信息类

    import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
    
    @Injectable({
      providedIn: 'root'
    })
    export class ProductService {
    
      constructor() {
      }
    }
    
    export class Product {
      constructor(public id: number, public title: string, public  price: number, public desc: string) {
      }
    }
    

    并且编写getProduct()方法

    getProduct(): Product {
        return new Product(0, 'Iphone7', 5999, '最新款手机');
    }
    

    然后去修改模块的声明app.module.ts,添加ProductService

    import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
    
    import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
    import { Product1Component } from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [ProductService],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule { }
    

    修改Product1Component并且注入ProductService

    import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';
    import {Product, ProductService} from '../shared/product.service';
    
    @Component({
      selector: 'app-product1',
      templateUrl: './product1.component.html',
      styleUrls: ['./product1.component.css']
    })
    export class Product1Component implements OnInit {
    
      product: Product;
    
      constructor(private productService: ProductService) {
      }
    
      ngOnInit() {
        this.product = this.productService.getProduct();
      }
    
    }
    

    跟着修改页面模版内容,展示获取的product内容。

    <div>
      <h1>商品详情</h1>
      <h2>名称:{{product.title}}</h2>
      <h2>价格:{{product.price}}</h2>
      <h2>描述:{{product.desc}}</h2>
    </div>
    

    提供器的作用域

    提供器除了可以声明在模块中,也可以声明在组件中。我们在创建第二个组件和另外一个服务,分别使用指令:ng g component product2ng g service shared/anotherProduct

    我们使用AnotherProductService实现ProductService并实现其中方法

    import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
    import {Product, ProductService} from './product.service';
    
    @Injectable({
      providedIn: 'root'
    })
    export class AnotherProductService implements ProductService{
    
      constructor() { }
    
      getProduct(): Product {
        return new Product(0, 'Iphone9', 6999, '最新款手机');
      }
    }
    

    然后修改product2.component.ts,直接复制product1.component.ts代码即可,不同的地方是在组件的级别使用providers

    import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';
    import {Product, ProductService} from '../shared/product.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from '../shared/another-product.service';
    
    @Component({
      selector: 'app-product2',
      templateUrl: './product2.component.html',
      styleUrls: ['./product2.component.css'],
      providers: [{
        provide: ProductService, useClass: AnotherProductService
      }]
    })
    export class Product2Component implements OnInit {
    
      product: Product;
    
      constructor(private productService: ProductService) {
      }
    
      ngOnInit() {
        this.product = this.productService.getProduct();
      }
    
    }
    

    跟着修改页面模版内容,展示获取的product内容,其实与product1组件页面模版一样。

    <div>
      <h1>商品详情</h1>
      <h2>名称:{{product.title}}</h2>
      <h2>价格:{{product.price}}</h2>
      <h2>描述:{{product.desc}}</h2>
    </div>
    

    这样product1是获取ProductService注入的信息,而product2是获取AnotherProductService注入的信息。

    总结:

    1. 当一个提供器声明在模块上,它是对所有组件可见的,所有组件都是可以使用的。
    2. 当一个提供器声明在组件中,它只对组件以及其子组件可见,其他组件不可以注入它。
    3. 当模块中的提供器和组件中的提供器重名时,声明在组件中的提供器会覆盖声明在模块中的提供器,这时使用的是声明在组件中的提供器。
    4. 一般情况下,优先将服务器供器声明在模块中。

    @Injectable()决定着其构造函数中能不能注入别的服务。只有声明为@Injectable()的服务才可以注入其它的服务。

    服务之间互相注入

    首先生成新的服务ng g service shared/logger

    这个服务比较简单,即输出日志到控制台。

    import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
    
    @Injectable({
      providedIn: 'root'
    })
    export class LoggerService {
    
      constructor() {
      }
    
      log(message: string) {
        console.log(message);
      }
    }
    

    LoggerService注入到ProductService中去。

    product.service.ts

    import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
    import {LoggerService} from './logger.service';
    
    @Injectable({
      providedIn: 'root'
    })
    export class ProductService {
    
      constructor(private logger: LoggerService) {
      }
    
      getProduct(): Product {
        this.logger.log('getProduct方法被调用');
        return new Product(0, 'Iphone7', 5999, '最新款手机');
      }
    }
    
    export class Product {
      constructor(public id: number, public title: string, public  price: number, public desc: string) {
      }
    }
    

    想要注入LoggerService,必须在模块中声明这个提供器。

    import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
    
    import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
    import { Product1Component } from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    import { Product2Component } from './product2/product2.component';
    import {LoggerService} from './shared/logger.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component,
        Product2Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [ProductService, LoggerService],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule { }
    

    为什么组件没有@Injectable()装饰器也能注入服务呢。其实@Component是其的子类。

    使用工厂和值声明提供器

    修改模版中提供器的声明

    import {BrowserModule} from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
    
    import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
    import {Product1Component} from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    import {Product2Component} from './product2/product2.component';
    import {LoggerService} from './shared/logger.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from './shared/another-product.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component,
        Product2Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [{
        provide: ProductService,
        useFactory: () => {
          let logger = new LoggerService();
          let dev = Math.random() > 0.5;
          if (dev) {
            return new ProductService(logger);
          } else {
            return new AnotherProductService(logger);
          }
        }
      }, LoggerService],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule {
    }
    

    但此时ProductService依赖于LoggerService,做一些调整

    import {BrowserModule} from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
    
    import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
    import {Product1Component} from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    import {Product2Component} from './product2/product2.component';
    import {LoggerService} from './shared/logger.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from './shared/another-product.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component,
        Product2Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [{
        provide: ProductService,
        useFactory: (logger: LoggerService) => {
          let dev = Math.random() > 0.5;
          if (dev) {
            return new ProductService(logger);
          } else {
            return new AnotherProductService(logger);
          }
        },
        deps: [LoggerService]
      }, LoggerService],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule {
    }
    

    使用值做判断

    import {BrowserModule} from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
    
    import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
    import {Product1Component} from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    import {Product2Component} from './product2/product2.component';
    import {LoggerService} from './shared/logger.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from './shared/another-product.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component,
        Product2Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [{
        provide: ProductService,
        useFactory: (logger: LoggerService, isDev) => {
          let dev = Math.random() > 0.5;
          if (isDev) {
            return new ProductService(logger);
          } else {
            return new AnotherProductService(logger);
          }
        },
        deps: [LoggerService, 'IS_DEV_ENV']
      }, LoggerService, {
        provide: 'IS_DEV_ENV', useValue: false
      }],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule {
    }
    

    也可以使用值对象

    import {BrowserModule} from '@angular/platform-browser';
    import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
    
    import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
    import {Product1Component} from './product1/product1.component';
    import {ProductService} from './shared/product.service';
    import {Product2Component} from './product2/product2.component';
    import {LoggerService} from './shared/logger.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from './shared/another-product.service';
    
    @NgModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        Product1Component,
        Product2Component
      ],
      imports: [
        BrowserModule
      ],
      providers: [{
        provide: ProductService,
        useFactory: (logger: LoggerService, appConfig) => {
          let dev = Math.random() > 0.5;
          if (appConfig.isDev) {
            return new ProductService(logger);
          } else {
            return new AnotherProductService(logger);
          }
        },
        deps: [LoggerService, 'APP_CONFIG']
      }, LoggerService, {
        provide: 'APP_CONFIG', useValue: {isDev: false}
      }],
      bootstrap: [AppComponent]
    })
    export class AppModule {
    }
    

    注入器的层级关系

    应用级注入器=>主组件注入器=>子组件注入器

    app.module.ts=>app.component.ts=>product.component.ts

    会根据构造函数的参数注入进来。

    手工注入方式,实际过程中要避免使用这种写法。

    import {Component, Injector, OnInit} from '@angular/core';
    import {Product, ProductService} from '../shared/product.service';
    import {AnotherProductService} from '../shared/another-product.service';
    
    @Component({
      selector: 'app-product2',
      templateUrl: './product2.component.html',
      styleUrls: ['./product2.component.css'],
      // providers: [{
      //   provide: ProductService, useClass: AnotherProductService
      // }]
    })
    export class Product2Component implements OnInit {
    
      product: Product;
    
      private productService: ProductService;
    
      constructor(private injector: Injector) {
        this.productService = injector.get(ProductService);
      }
    
      ngOnInit() {
        this.product = this.productService.getProduct();
      }
    
    }
    

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